{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416429145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387","title":"A Single-Frequency Amplitude-Modulated RFID Portable Backscatter Surface Scanner for Near-Field Permittivity Imaging","display_name":"A Single-Frequency Amplitude-Modulated RFID Portable Backscatter Surface Scanner for Near-Field Permittivity Imaging","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416429145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076902949","display_name":"Mohammad Abdolrazzaghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-8660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abdolrazzaghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-8660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021668898","display_name":"Roman Genov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-1746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Genov","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-1746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052719660","display_name":"George V. Eleftheriades","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George V. Eleftheriades","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-3864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076902949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92567596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"201726","last_page":"201740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.5809000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.5809000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.09399999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner","display_name":"Scanner","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.3456000089645386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149712133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332774","display_name":"Anechoic chamber","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775974325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16154688","display_name":"Chipless RFID","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7140552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366402","display_name":"Standby power","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202988678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417986","display_name":"Power dividers and directional couplers","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae9216427bb54d3cb2ff266c2c7b7392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae9216427bb54d3cb2ff266c2c7b7392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 201726-201740 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"hereby":[1],"propose":[2],"a":[3,51,68],"truly":[4],"portable,":[5,218],"single-frequency":[6,221],"microwave":[7],"near-field":[8],"permittivity":[9,42,120,222],"sensor":[10],"based":[11],"on":[12],"RFID":[13,84,210],"back-scattering.":[14],"Unlike":[15],"conventional":[16],"VNA-based":[17],"frequency-swept":[18],"methodologies":[19],"demanding":[20],"extensive":[21],"spectral":[22,116],"scanning":[23,169],"and":[24,137,171,178,187,197,208,220],"intensive":[25],"data":[26],"processing,":[27],"this":[28,212],"single-point":[29],"architecture":[30],"monitors":[31],"amplitude":[32,206],"at":[33,64,110],"2.45":[34,65],"GHz,":[35],"achieving":[36],"superior":[37],"sensitivity-linearity":[38],"balance":[39],"across":[40,151],"sub-10":[41],"range.":[43],"It":[44],"seamlessly":[45],"integrates":[46],"three":[47],"critical":[48],"elements":[49],"into":[50,123],"unified":[52],"sensing":[53,109,196],"platform.":[54],"A":[55,82,132],"dual-layer":[56],"dipole-patch":[57],"antenna":[58],"achieves":[59],"record":[60],"9.9":[61],"dBi":[62],"gain":[63],"GHz":[66],"through":[67,167],"constructive":[69],"electromagnetic":[70],"field":[71,180],"interference":[72],"mechanism,":[73],"extending":[74],"interrogation":[75],"range":[76],"without":[77],"requiring":[78],"bulky":[79],"array":[80],"configurations.":[81,181],"compact":[83],"tag":[85,189],"with":[86,99,162],"complementary":[87],"split":[88],"ring":[89],"resonator":[90],"(CSRR)":[91],"(30":[92],"\u00d7":[93,101],"30":[94],"mm<sup":[95,103],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,104,126,128,157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[97,105],"patch":[98],"10":[100],"7":[102],"resonator)":[106],"exploits":[107],"amplitude-variation":[108],"the":[111,215],"fixed":[112],"frequency,":[113],"eliminating":[114],"GHz-wide":[115],"sweeps,":[117],"by":[118,228],"translating":[119],"variations":[121],"directly":[122],"monotonic":[124],"<italic":[125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S</i><sub":[127],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">21</sub>":[129],"attenuation":[130],"characteristics.":[131],"battery-powered":[133],"interrogator":[134],"incorporates":[135],"VCO":[136],"power":[138],"detector":[139],"components,":[140],"delivering":[141],"immediately":[142],"available":[143],"voltage":[144],"readout.":[145],"Experimental":[146],"validation":[147],"demonstrates":[148],"calibration-free":[149],"operation":[150],"commercial":[152],"dielectric":[153],"substrates":[154],"spanning":[155],"\u03b5<sub":[156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>r</i></sub>":[158],"=":[159],"[2.2,":[160],"10.2]":[161],"1":[163],"cm":[164],"spatial":[165],"resolution":[166],"surface":[168],"trials":[170],"robust":[172],"performance":[173],"in":[174],"both":[175],"laboratory":[176],"(stationary)":[177],"portable":[179],"Morphological":[182],"diversification":[183],"of":[184],"CSRR":[185],"variants":[186],"dual-band":[188],"prototypes":[190],"showcase":[191],"platform":[192],"scalability":[193],"for":[194,231],"multi-parameter":[195],"IoT":[198],"applications":[199],"integration.":[200],"By":[201],"combining":[202],"high-gain":[203],"antennas,":[204],"CSRR-based":[205],"interrogation,":[207],"direct-voltage":[209],"readout,":[211],"work":[213],"delivers":[214],"first":[216],"fully":[217],"wireless,":[219],"sensor,":[223],"enabling":[224],"disposable":[225],"tags":[226],"readable":[227],"handheld":[229],"units":[230],"ubiquitous":[232],"material":[233],"characterization":[234],"applications.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-20T00:00:00"}