{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416429193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235","title":"Learnable Image Encryption Without Key Management for Privacy-Preserving Vision Transformer","display_name":"Learnable Image Encryption Without Key Management for Privacy-Preserving Vision Transformer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416429193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083780448","display_name":"Mare Hirose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6515-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mare Hirose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070209552","display_name":"Shoko Imaizumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-9109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoko Imaizumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015250468","display_name":"Hitoshi Kiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8061-3090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitoshi Kiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083780448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38638928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"201351","last_page":"201362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.940500020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.940500020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8533999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/40-bit-encryption","display_name":"40-bit encryption","score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribute-based-encryption","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-encryption","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetric-key-algorithm","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-the-fly-encryption","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","score":0.40540000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8533999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7645999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4637271","display_name":"40-bit encryption","level":3,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7646194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818713","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","level":4,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147977885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117010","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","level":3,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122760801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2552011","display_name":"Watermarking attack","level":5,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18319499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448402","display_name":"Filesystem-level encryption","level":4,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57795399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265706","display_name":"Deterministic encryption","level":4,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73468433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639918","display_name":"Hybrid cryptosystem","level":4,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9368ebdf717549819701b9df0203e497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9368ebdf717549819701b9df0203e497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 201351-201362 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3635235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3635235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,161],"propose":[1],"a":[2,49,67,135],"privacy-preserving":[3],"image":[4,113,145,238],"classification":[5,114,239],"method":[6,137,171,235],"based":[7],"on":[8,140,178],"perceptual":[9,82,104],"encryption":[10,27,83,105,146],"that":[11,134,138],"does":[12,73],"not":[13,74],"require":[14],"centralized":[15],"key":[16,28,68],"management.":[17],"In":[18,63,204],"the":[19,71,97,110,141,148,159,167,170,191,221,229,234],"proposed":[20],"method,":[21],"each":[22,121],"client":[23,122],"independently":[24],"generates":[25],"an":[26],"to":[29,47,56,76,86,108,124,165,184,207],"protect":[30],"visual":[31,126],"information":[32],"in":[33,96,120,157,172,240],"both":[34],"training":[35,92],"and":[36,55,93,147,176,180,199,214,231],"query":[37,94],"images.":[38],"The":[39,79],"use":[40,48,80],"of":[41,81,112,151,169,174,223,233],"independent":[42,116,189],"keys":[43,54,60,117],"allows":[44,84],"multiple":[45],"clients":[46],"shared":[50],"model":[51],"without":[52],"exchanging":[53],"easily":[57],"update":[58],"their":[59],"whenever":[61],"needed.":[62],"addition,":[64,205],"even":[65],"if":[66],"is":[69,155],"compromised,":[70],"impact":[72],"propagate":[75],"other":[77],"clients.":[78],"us":[85],"directly":[87],"apply":[88],"encrypted":[89,98],"data":[90],"for":[91,197,201,236],"images":[95],"domain,":[99],"but":[100],"conventional":[101,185],"approaches":[102],"with":[103],"are":[106,118],"known":[107],"degrade":[109],"accuracy":[111,175,192],"when":[115,187],"used":[119],"due":[123],"significant":[125],"distortion":[127],"caused":[128],"by":[129,195],"encryption.":[130],"Accordingly,":[131],"we":[132],"demonstrate":[133,166],"novel":[136],"focuses":[139],"compatibility":[142],"between":[143],"block-wise":[144],"embedding":[149],"structure":[150],"vision":[152],"transformer":[153],"(ViT)":[154],"effective":[156],"improving":[158],"issue.":[160],"carried":[162],"out":[163],"experiments":[164],"effectiveness":[168,232],"terms":[173],"robustness":[177],"CIFAR-10":[179,198],"Tiny":[181,202],"ImageNet.":[182,203],"Compared":[183],"methods,":[186],"using":[188],"keys,":[190],"was":[193,218],"improved":[194],"82%":[196],"83%":[200],"resistance":[206],"various":[208],"attacks":[209,213,217],"including":[210],"brute":[211],"force":[212],"jigsaw":[215],"puzzle":[216],"demonstrated":[219],"under":[220],"assumption":[222],"ciphertext-only":[224],"attacks.":[225],"These":[226],"results":[227],"suggest":[228],"practicality":[230],"secure":[237],"real-world":[241],"multi-client":[242],"environments.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-20T00:00:00"}
