{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416323711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240","title":"YOLOv8\u2013YOLOv11 Ensemble With Box Fusion for Enhanced Detection of Underrepresented Urine Sediment Particles","display_name":"YOLOv8\u2013YOLOv11 Ensemble With Box Fusion for Enhanced Detection of Underrepresented Urine Sediment Particles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416323711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3634240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109581788","display_name":"Sania Akhtar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sania Akhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7421-3539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078837810","display_name":"Muhammad Hanif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-5263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hanif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-5263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053299257","display_name":"Ahmar Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7703-926X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmar Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7703-926X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Sceince and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080233344","display_name":"Akhtar Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9575-7377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhtar Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018410943","display_name":"Ejaz Ahmad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-8035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43763821","display_name":"Health Services Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02a37xs76","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43763821"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ejaz Ahmad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-8035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43763821"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020186630","display_name":"Hamdi Melih Sarao\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5075-9504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018710136","display_name":"Dumlupinar University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jtrja12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamdi Melih Saraoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics, Kütahya Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Türkiye","Department of Electrical and Electronics, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Kütahya Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018710136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109581788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17750601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"198506","last_page":"198522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.3675999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.3675999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.29030001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.03779999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.6144999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-sediment","display_name":"Urinary sediment","score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4058000147342682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6144999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910111155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245639","display_name":"Urinary sediment","level":3,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5414999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779225474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842424","display_name":"Urinalysis","level":3,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3634240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f556ececb39d433c98b0d48635ff6924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f556ececb39d433c98b0d48635ff6924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 198506-198522 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3634240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urine":[0],"sediment":[1,113],"microscopy":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,44,111],"vital":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,27,68,182,204,210],"diagnosing":[8],"urinary":[9,112],"tract":[10],"and":[11,79,130,152,174,177,192,207],"kidney-related":[12],"disorders.":[13],"Although":[14],"deep":[15],"learning-based":[16],"detectors":[17],"such":[18,187],"as":[19,188],"the":[20,28,34,65,103,124,146,171,198],"YOLO":[21],"family":[22],"have":[23],"shown":[24],"promising":[25],"results":[26,196],"effective":[29],"detection":[30,36,56],"of":[31,37,134,140,156,162,200],"urine":[32],"sediments,":[33],"accurate":[35,206],"underrepresented":[38],"or":[39],"morphologically":[40],"complex":[41],"particles":[42],"remains":[43],"challenging":[45],"task.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"these":[49],"limitations,":[50],"we":[51],"proposed":[52],"an":[53,131,137,153,159],"ensemble-based":[54],"object":[55],"framework":[57],"that":[58],"integrates":[59],"YOLOv8":[60],"subtle":[61],"patterns":[62],"learning":[63],"with":[64,136,158],"YOLOv11":[66],"performance":[67],"imbalanced":[69],"data.":[70],"Our":[71],"approach":[72],"employs":[73],"both":[74,87,95],"Weighted":[75],"Box":[76],"Fusion":[77],"(WBF)":[78],"Non-Maximum":[80],"Suppression":[81],"(NMS)":[82],"to":[83],"combine":[84],"predictions":[85,93],"from":[86,94],"models.":[88],"The":[89],"WBF":[90,178],"fuse":[91],"high-confidence":[92],"detectors,":[96,176],"improving":[97],"sensitivity":[98,184],"for":[99,185],"rare":[100],"classes,":[101,123],"while":[102,145],"NMS":[104],"filters":[105],"ensure":[106],"compact":[107],"results.":[108],"Evaluated":[109],"on":[110],"dataset":[114],"comprising":[115],"7,201":[116],"expert-annotated":[117],"images":[118],"across":[119],"14":[120],"clinically":[121,211],"relevant":[122],"WBF-based":[125],"ensemble":[126,148,201],"achieves":[127],"92%":[128],"AP@0.5":[129,151],"average":[132,154],"precision":[133,155],"86%":[135],"inference":[138,160],"time":[139,161],"57.1":[141],"ms":[142,164],"per":[143,165],"image,":[144],"NMS-based":[147],"attains":[149],"91%":[150],"84.9%":[157],"59.1":[163],"image.":[166],"Both":[167],"fusion":[168,202],"methods":[169],"outperform":[170],"standalone":[172],"YOLOv11m":[173],"YOLOv8m":[175],"shows":[179],"notable":[180],"improvements":[181],"minority-class":[183],"categories":[186],"WBC":[189],"clumps,":[190],"sperm,":[191],"budding":[193],"yeast.":[194],"These":[195],"highlight":[197],"effectiveness":[199],"strategies":[203],"delivering":[205],"reliable":[208],"urinalysis":[209],"challenging,":[212],"data-scarce":[213],"environments.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00"}