{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7105862174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558","title":"Anomalous Reflectors Using 2-Bit Coding Metasurfaces Under Oblique Incidence for Millimeter-Wave Applications","display_name":"Anomalous Reflectors Using 2-Bit Coding Metasurfaces Under Oblique Incidence for Millimeter-Wave Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7105862174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3633558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ehsan Farokhipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-9849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Farokhipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-9849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Amin Chaychi Zadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-2783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Amin Chaychi Zadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-2783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sajjad Zohrevand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-546X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Zohrevand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-546X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andreas Rennings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-3712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Rennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-3712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vahid Nayyeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0328-4737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Nayyeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0328-4737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nader Komjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-9226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Komjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2420-9226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel Erni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-6373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Erni","raw_affiliation_strings":["General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-6373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering (ATE), Faculty of Engineering, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61132159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"195904","last_page":"195913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.44589999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.44589999318122864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.429500013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oblique-case","display_name":"Oblique case","score":0.6633999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-plane","display_name":"Ground plane","score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductor","display_name":"Conductor","score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plane-wave","display_name":"Plane wave","score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfect-conductor","display_name":"Perfect conductor","score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.3587000072002411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160697094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233197","display_name":"Oblique case","level":2,"score":0.6633999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88764893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547722","display_name":"Ground plane","level":3,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34800285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159395","display_name":"Conductor","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40308292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122518","display_name":"Plane wave","level":2,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16519606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897715","display_name":"Perfect conductor","level":3,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128975484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492872","display_name":"Angular spectrum method","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20610874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512136","display_name":"Linear phase","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17825722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17285","display_name":"Plane (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3633558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00238198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3633558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:162a4a23b40948f290285b8bc370386c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/162a4a23b40948f290285b8bc370386c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 195904-195913 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3633558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3633558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1242149893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2565696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G821514941","display_name":"TRR 196: Mobile MaterialCharakterisierung und Ortung durch Elektromagnetische Abtastung","funder_award_id":"287022738","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328599","display_name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,73,93,99,134,137,148,178,181,184],"design,":[4],"simulation,":[5],"and":[6,68,118,160],"experimental":[7],"validation":[8],"of":[9,47,84,136,164,177,183],"six":[10,103,109],"passive":[11,104],"anomalous":[12,90,105],"reflectors":[13,106],"using":[14,62],"2-bit":[15],"digital":[16],"coding":[17,70],"metasurfaces":[18],"(DCMs)":[19],"that":[20,107,163],"can":[21],"enable":[22],"quasi-continuous":[23],"single-beam":[24,198],"steering":[25,199],"for":[26,196,200],"5G":[27],"n257":[28],"mm-wave":[29,201],"applications.":[30],"The":[31,141,151,170],"design":[32,100],"starts":[33],"with":[34,54,124,147,204],"a":[35,40,97,125,165,193],"square-shaped":[36],"meta-atom":[37],"illuminated":[38],"by":[39,132],"plane":[41],"wave":[42],"under":[43],"an":[44],"oblique":[45,139],"incidence":[46],"-45\u00b0,":[48],"enabling":[49],"four":[50],"discrete":[51],"reflection":[52],"phases":[53],"90\u00b0":[55],"phase":[56,87],"increments.":[57],"Each":[58,76],"metasurface":[59],"is":[60,129,155],"constructed":[61],"identical":[63],"meta-atoms":[64,85],"in":[65,72,92],"one":[66],"direction":[67],"specific":[69],"sequences":[71],"orthogonal":[74],"direction.":[75],"supercell":[77],"may":[78],"contain":[79],"equal":[80],"or":[81],"unequal":[82],"numbers":[83],"per":[86],"state,":[88],"achieving":[89],"reflections":[91],"desired":[94],"directions.":[95],"As":[96],"demonstration,":[98],"goals":[101],"are":[102,189],"produce":[108],"beams":[110],"directed":[111],"at":[112],"-32\u00b0,":[113],"-17\u00b0,":[114],"-7\u00b0,":[115],"+7\u00b0,":[116],"+17\u00b0,":[117],"+32\u00b0.":[119],"An":[120],"expanded":[121],"angular":[122],"range":[123],"minimal":[126],"step":[127],"size":[128],"also":[130],"achieved":[131],"varying":[133],"frequency":[135,172],"incident":[138],"beam.":[140],"full-wave":[142],"simulations":[143],"show":[144],"good":[145],"agreement":[146],"analytical":[149],"predictions.":[150],"far-field":[152],"received":[153],"power":[154],"measured":[156,171],"across":[157],"27.5\u201329.5":[158],"GHz":[159],"compared":[161],"to":[162,191],"perfect":[166],"electric":[167],"conductor":[168],"(PEC).":[169],"responses":[173],"closely":[174],"match":[175],"those":[176],"simulations,":[179],"confirming":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"proposed":[185],"structures.":[186],"These":[187],"results":[188],"intended":[190],"facilitate":[192],"practical":[194],"solution":[195],"wide-angle":[197],"wireless":[202],"communications":[203],"obstructed":[205],"line-of-sight":[206],"(LOS).":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-17T00:00:00"}
