{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416148768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033","title":"Performance Analysis of Tree-Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Flood Forecasting in Tropical Regions","display_name":"Performance Analysis of Tree-Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Flood Forecasting in Tropical Regions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416148768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3632033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076063415","display_name":"Ainaa Hanis Zuhairi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ainaa Hanis Zuhairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050789049","display_name":"Fitri Yakub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-2406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fitri Yakub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-2406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101625020","display_name":"Mas Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-9577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mas Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-9577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036230402","display_name":"Mohammad Shahrul Izham Sharifuddin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sharifuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029913682","display_name":"Khamarrul Azahari Razak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3686-7549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khamarrul Azahari Razak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027697206","display_name":"Amrul Faruq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-668X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105059","display_name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1wt659","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105059"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amrul Faruq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia","Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Indonesia, Jawa Timur, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-668X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Indonesia, Jawa Timur, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076314621","display_name":"Andika Aji Wijaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-9579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165529","display_name":"University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tcr1n44","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andika Aji Wijaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-9579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77670633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"200840","last_page":"200860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.5860000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.5860000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.2808000147342682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-forecasting","display_name":"Flood forecasting","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183195422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409303","display_name":"Flood forecasting","level":3,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992660569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8068","display_name":"River flood","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q799897","display_name":"Bootstrap aggregating","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3632033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bace2fbbf29c4fd1adfb34d62d73e200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bace2fbbf29c4fd1adfb34d62d73e200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 200840-200860 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3632033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3632033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flooding":[0],"is":[1,52,106,139,152],"increasingly":[2],"problematic":[3],"in":[4,9,62,186],"various":[5],"global":[6],"locations,":[7],"especially":[8],"tropical":[10],"regions":[11],"such":[12,86],"as":[13,87,130],"Malaysia,":[14],"making":[15],"flood":[16,44,60,72,110,180,184],"forecasting":[17],"essential":[18],"for":[19,145],"addressing":[20],"this":[21,75],"issue.":[22],"However,":[23],"an":[24,77],"imbalance":[25],"and":[26,41,59,70,104,124,156,176,198,203],"lack":[27],"of":[28,43,48,165,194,196,201,205],"research":[29],"data":[30,56,121,185],"along":[31],"with":[32],"poor":[33],"model":[34,151,215],"performance,":[35],"have":[36],"contributed":[37],"to":[38,54,108,133,154,178],"the":[39,135,149,162,192,199,211],"complexity":[40],"unpredictability":[42],"forecasting.":[45],"The":[46,207],"Internet":[47],"Things":[49],"(IoT)":[50],"technology":[51],"used":[53],"collect":[55],"on":[57,82,113],"floods":[58],"variables":[61],"affected":[63],"cities":[64],"or":[65],"areas":[66],"enabling":[67],"more":[68],"accurate":[69],"reliable":[71],"predictions.":[73],"In":[74],"study,":[76],"ensemble":[78,150],"learning":[79],"approach":[80],"based":[81,84,112],"Tree":[83,212],"models":[85,128,173,218],"Gradient":[88,96,98,101],"Boosting":[89],"models,":[90],"Decision":[91],"Tree,":[92],"Random":[93],"Forest,":[94],"Extreme":[95],"Boosting,":[97,99,102],"Light":[100],"AdaBoost":[103],"CatBoost":[105],"developed":[107],"predict":[109],"occurrence":[111,181],"available":[114],"parameters.":[115],"Initially,":[116],"datasets":[117],"are":[118],"preprocessed":[119],"through":[120],"cleaning,":[122],"interpolation,":[123],"resampling.":[125],"These":[126,172],"aforementioned":[127],"serve":[129],"foundational":[131],"learners":[132,168],"construct":[134],"prediction":[136],"model,":[137],"which":[138],"then":[140],"integrated":[141],"into":[142],"training":[143],"subsets":[144],"further":[146],"training.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"constructed":[153],"aggregate":[155],"generate":[157],"projected":[158],"values,":[159],"weighted":[160],"by":[161],"predictive":[163],"accuracy":[164],"individual":[166],"base":[167],"across":[169],"validation":[170],"datasets.":[171],"were":[174],"trained":[175],"tested":[177],"forecast":[179],"using":[182],"real":[183],"Selangor":[187],"that":[188,210],"was":[189],"taken":[190],"from":[191],"Department":[193,200],"Meteorology":[195],"Malaysia":[197],"Irrigation":[202],"Drainage":[204],"Malaysia.":[206],"results":[208],"show":[209],"Based":[213],"Ensemble":[214],"outperforms":[216],"benchmark":[217],"against":[219],"most":[220],"evaluation":[221],"metrics.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}