{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416756254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446","title":"Research on Comparative Modeling of Free Trade Agreement Clauses With Deep Semantic Integration","display_name":"Research on Comparative Modeling of Free Trade Agreement Clauses With Deep Semantic Integration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416756254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3631446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guoyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9185-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9185-0348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44527284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"199105","last_page":"199125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.1290999948978424,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.1290999948978424,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10040000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.049800001084804535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-gap","display_name":"Semantic gap","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative","display_name":"Normative","score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-integration","display_name":"Semantic integration","score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.3702999949455261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.816100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5181000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86034646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474311","display_name":"Semantic gap","level":4,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110903229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449064","display_name":"Semantic integration","level":4,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778180026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18378163","display_name":"Semantic heterogeneity","level":4,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829903","display_name":"Agreement","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198942812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496618","display_name":"Semantic property","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193125573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67277372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449085","display_name":"Semantic role labeling","level":3,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171342078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4231865","display_name":"Conceptual blending","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778828372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283209","display_name":"Distributional semantics","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3631446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f15544f4cf6e4d95bc8a64097c99699f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f15544f4cf6e4d95bc8a64097c99699f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 199105-199125 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3631446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3631446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,71,172,224],"evolving":[2],"landscape":[3],"of":[4,73,117,168,174,206],"computational":[5,244],"sciences":[6],"and":[7,33,59,80,120,131,144,151,165,187,197,218,230,247],"interdisciplinary":[8,249],"research,":[9],"accurately":[10],"comparing":[11],"clauses":[12,119],"within":[13],"free":[14],"trade":[15],"agreements":[16],"(FTAs)":[17],"poses":[18],"a":[19,89,103,163,188,237],"formidable":[20],"challenge.":[21],"The":[22,106,177],"legal":[23,57,75,118,207,216,228,245],"language":[24,110],"inherent":[25],"to":[26,61,112,127,140,182,195],"these":[27,87],"documents":[28],"is":[29,94],"highly":[30],"nuanced,":[31],"context-dependent,":[32],"semantically":[34],"intricate.":[35],"Traditional":[36],"clause":[37,153],"comparison":[38],"techniques-such":[39],"as":[40],"keyword":[41],"matching,":[42],"lexicon-based":[43],"metrics,":[44],"or":[45],"syntactic":[46],"rules-often":[47],"fall":[48],"short":[49],"in":[50,102,191,212],"capturing":[51],"deep":[52,91],"contextual":[53,157],"relationships,":[54],"overlook":[55],"implicit":[56],"meanings,":[58],"struggle":[60],"handle":[62],"terminological":[63],"variations":[64],"across":[65],"agreements.":[66],"These":[67,200],"limitations":[68],"significantly":[69],"impair":[70],"reliability":[72],"comparative":[74],"analysis,":[76],"hinder":[77],"informed":[78],"policymaking,":[79],"obstruct":[81],"effective":[82],"compliance":[83],"monitoring.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"challenges,":[88],"novel":[90],"semantic":[92,115,146,232],"model":[93,128],"proposed,":[95],"integrating":[96],"clause-level":[97],"graphs":[98],"with":[99,155],"transformer-driven":[100],"encoders":[101],"unified":[104],"architecture.":[105],"system":[107],"leverages":[108],"pre-trained":[109],"models":[111],"generate":[113],"rich":[114],"embeddings":[116],"utilizes":[121],"Multilateral":[122],"Normative":[123],"Integration":[124],"Model":[125],"(MNIM)":[126],"inter-clause":[129],"dependencies":[130],"structural":[132],"relationships.":[133],"This":[134],"hybrid":[135],"architecture":[136],"enables":[137],"our":[138,175,234],"method":[139,179],"detect":[141],"both":[142,243],"overt":[143],"subtle":[145],"alignments,":[147],"identify":[148],"conceptual":[149],"shifts,":[150],"measure":[152],"similarity":[154],"high":[156],"awareness.":[158],"Empirical":[159],"evaluations":[160],"conducted":[161],"on":[162],"diverse":[164],"multilingual":[166],"corpus":[167],"international":[169,219],"FTAs":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"approach.":[176],"proposed":[178],"achieves":[180],"up":[181],"15%":[183],"higher":[184],"alignment":[185,205],"accuracy":[186],"20%":[189],"improvement":[190],"F1":[192],"score":[193],"compared":[194],"traditional":[196],"state-of-the-art":[198],"baselines.":[199],"advancements":[201],"support":[202],"scalable,":[203],"high-precision":[204],"texts,":[208],"enabling":[209],"practical":[210],"applications":[211],"automated":[213],"policy":[214],"drafting,":[215],"analytics,":[217],"regulatory":[220],"harmonization.":[221],"By":[222],"bridging":[223],"gap":[225],"between":[226],"domain-specific":[227],"interpretation":[229],"cutting-edge":[231],"modeling,":[233],"framework":[235],"contributes":[236],"powerful,":[238],"interpretable":[239],"tool":[240],"that":[241],"advances":[242],"studies":[246],"broader":[248],"innovation.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T06:03:25.996018","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}
