{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416381308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965","title":"A Novel Protection Scheme for Unbalanced Faults in Inverter Dominated Networks: A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Entry-Level Relays","display_name":"A Novel Protection Scheme for Unbalanced Faults in Inverter Dominated Networks: A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Entry-Level Relays","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416381308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3630965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027501612","display_name":"Deepika Chhetija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4109-9994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309980932","display_name":"National Transportation Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/011fc0n53","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309980932"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepika Chhetija","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4109-9994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309980932","https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052466678","display_name":"Maximiliano Ferrari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-7664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309980932","display_name":"National Transportation Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/011fc0n53","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309980932"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximiliano Ferrari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-7664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309980932","https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38530899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"194580","last_page":"194595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9041000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9041000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.08049999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.6093999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-relay","display_name":"Protective relay","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-indicator","display_name":"Fault indicator","score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-coverage","display_name":"Fault coverage","score":0.37860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6998000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.6093999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21267803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438159","display_name":"Fault indicator","level":4,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13625343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627418","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","level":4,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167391956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401211","display_name":"Fault model","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781134633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14945479","display_name":"Voltage sag","level":4,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183912175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4293157","display_name":"Digital protective relay","level":5,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3630965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2333755d16b24041b51e5e584939b6f2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2333755d16b24041b51e5e584939b6f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 194580-194595 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3630965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3630965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microgrids":[0],"are":[1],"now":[2],"a":[3,18,72,167,190],"common":[4,132],"practice":[5],"in":[6,26,35,65,83,96,134,148],"distribution":[7,135],"systems":[8],"to":[9,24,62,106,212],"increase":[10],"resilience":[11],"and":[12,30,32,59,98,117,124,144,151,162,216,229],"reliability.":[13],"However,":[14],"microgrid":[15],"protection":[16,146,232],"remains":[17],"critical":[19],"challenge,":[20],"considering":[21],"its":[22],"requirement":[23],"operate":[25],"both":[27,149,171,222],"grid":[28,152],"connected":[29,153],"islanded,":[31],"the":[33,66,84,94,108,130,176,209,218],"variability":[34],"fault":[36,52,75,109,214,219],"characteristics":[37],"under":[38,221],"each":[39],"mode":[40],"of":[41,87,166,173],"operation.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"presents":[45],"unbalanced":[46],"power":[47],"(<italic":[48,101],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[49,69,102],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>unb</sub></i>)":[50],"based":[51],"detection":[53,76,227],"algorithm,":[54],"which":[55,181],"considers":[56],"local":[57],"voltage":[58,99],"current":[60,97],"unbalances":[61],"determine":[63,107,217],"faults":[64,133],"system.":[67],"<italic":[68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S<sub>unb</sub></i>":[70],"is":[71,79,104],"computationally":[73],"efficient":[74],"algorithm":[77],"that":[78],"suitable":[80],"for":[81,119,170,178],"implementation":[82],"programmable":[85],"logic":[86],"entry":[88],"level":[89],"protective":[90],"relays.":[91,206],"In":[92],"addition,":[93],"difference":[95],"unbalance":[100],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">D<sub>n</sub></i>)":[103],"used":[105],"type.":[110],"The":[111,159],"proposed":[112],"method":[113],"demonstrates":[114],"high":[115],"sensitivity":[116],"selectivity":[118],"line-to-ground":[120,126],"(LG),":[121],"line-to-line":[122],"(LL),":[123],"double":[125],"(LLG)":[127],"faults,":[128],"representing":[129],"most":[131],"systems.":[136],"It":[137],"also":[138],"allows":[139],"relay":[140,169],"coordination":[141],"with":[142,189,201],"upstream":[143],"downstream":[145],"devices":[147],"island":[150],"operation,":[154],"while":[155],"preserving":[156],"grading":[157],"margins.":[158],"same":[160],"pickup":[161],"time":[163,198],"multiplier":[164],"settings":[165],"particular":[168],"modes":[172],"operation":[174],"eliminates":[175],"need":[177],"adaptive":[179],"settings,":[180],"rely":[182],"on":[183],"communication":[184],"networks.":[185],"Validation":[186],"was":[187],"performed":[188],"hardware-in-the-loop":[191],"(HIL)":[192],"setup":[193],"using":[194],"Typhoon":[195],"HIL":[196],"real":[197],"simulator":[199],"interfaced":[200],"three":[202],"entry-level,":[203],"SEL":[204],"751":[205],"Results":[207],"confirmed":[208],"algorithm\u2019s":[210],"ability":[211],"discriminate":[213],"conditions,":[215],"type":[220],"operating":[223],"modes,":[224],"maintain":[225],"fast":[226],"times,":[228],"ensure":[230],"proper":[231],"coordination.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}
