{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415883204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005","title":"FSO System Optimization for 6G Applications: Using Metaheuristic Algorithms","display_name":"FSO System Optimization for 6G Applications: Using Metaheuristic Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415883204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3629005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanane Djellab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095290","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Larbi T\u00e9bessi","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnac320","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanane Djellab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-0294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053039497","display_name":"Fouzia Maamri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130929","display_name":"Abb\u00e8s Laghrour University of Khenchela","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyskm09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fouzia Maamri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchel, Khenchela, Algeria","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8011-4172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchel, Khenchela, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084826141","display_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084300981","display_name":"Farouk Boumehrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-2232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130929","display_name":"Abb\u00e8s Laghrour University of Khenchela","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyskm09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farouk Boumehrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchel, Khenchela, Algeria","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-2232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchel, Khenchela, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078207864","display_name":"Laatra Yousfi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095290","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Larbi T\u00e9bessi","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnac320","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laatra Yousfi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106774624","display_name":"Oumaima Allaoua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095290","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Larbi T\u00e9bessi","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnac320","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oumaima Allaoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Signals and Smart Systems(L3S), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Tebessa University, Tebessa, Algeria","Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Signals and Smart Systems(L3S), Tebessa University, Tebessa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7775-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals and Smart Systems(L3S), Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Tebessa University, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Signals and Smart Systems(L3S), Tebessa University, Tebessa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005405031","display_name":"Yazeed Alkhrijah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-003X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Alkhrijah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-003X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72499693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"193508","last_page":"193526"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6552000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6367999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6326000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.4187000095844269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6606000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6552000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6367999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6326000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135436540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347279","display_name":"Heliostat","level":3,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21922175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3105497","display_name":"Gigabit","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3629005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ef14c45495b4e4daafad2755287fe05","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ef14c45495b4e4daafad2755287fe05","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 193508-193526 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3629005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3629005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3642461647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IMSIU-DDRSP2504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7193286905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IMSIU-DDRSP2504?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321420","funder_display_name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321420","display_name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,83,169],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,19,40,116,127,136,149,187,191,201,224,241,285],"potential":[4],"improvements":[5],"in":[6],"Free":[7],"Space":[8],"Optics":[9],"(FSO)":[10],"communication":[11],"systems":[12],"using":[13,28],"Particle":[14],"Swarm":[15],"Optimization":[16],"(PSO)":[17],"and":[18,36,75,94,109,146,157,190,219,221,233,249,268,279],"Pachycondyla":[20],"Apicalis":[21],"Algorithm":[22],"(API).":[23],"FSO":[24,209,282],"technology":[25,64],"transmits":[26],"data":[27,44],"laser":[29],"beams,":[30],"offering":[31],"benefits":[32],"like":[33],"high":[34],"bandwidth":[35],"enhanced":[37],"security,":[38],"with":[39,253,264],"capability":[41],"to":[42,48,55,68,135,185,227,251,272],"achieve":[43],"rates":[45],"of":[46,53,142,166,197,203,212,223],"up":[47,54],"10":[49,167],"Gbps":[50],"over":[51],"distances":[52],"2":[56,182],"km":[57],"under":[58,293],"favorable":[59],"weather":[60,270],"conditions.":[61],"However,":[62],"this":[63,198],"faces":[65],"challenges":[66],"due":[67],"environmental":[69],"factors":[70],"such":[71],"as":[72,97],"rain,":[73],"fog,":[74],"atmospheric":[76,266],"turbulence,":[77,216],"which":[78],"can":[79,261],"impact":[80],"its":[81,104,113],"performance.":[82],"study":[84,199],"specifically":[85],"addresses":[86],"link":[87,128,150,176,213],"margin":[88,129,151,177],"degradation":[89],"caused":[90],"by":[91,153],"these":[92],"impairments":[93],"applies":[95],"PSO":[96,123,172,260,290],"an":[98],"efficient":[99,280],"baseline":[100],"metaheuristic,":[101],"selected":[102],"for":[103,130,208,246],"computational":[105],"simplicity,":[106],"rapid":[107],"convergence,":[108],"robustness,":[110],"while":[111],"benchmarking":[112],"performance":[114],"against":[115,215],"API":[117,137,188],"algorithm.":[118,138],"Simulation":[119],"results":[120,286],"indicate":[121],"that":[122,171,288],"optimization":[124,206],"significantly":[125],"increases":[126],"various":[131],"divergence":[132,140,179],"angles":[133,141,180],"compared":[134,184],"For":[139],"1,":[143],"1.5,":[144],"2.4,":[145],"3":[147],"mrad,":[148],"improved":[152],"6.4,":[154],"11.1,":[155],"9.8,":[156],"7.6":[158],"dB,":[159],"respectively,":[160],"at":[161,178],"a":[162,174,204],"fixed":[163],"transmitted":[164],"power":[165],"dBm.":[168],"demonstrates":[170],"maintains":[173],"higher":[175],"above":[181],"mrad":[183],"both":[186,228],"algorithm":[189],"conventional":[192],"scenario.":[193],"The":[194],"main":[195],"contributions":[196],"are:":[200],"development":[202],"bio-inspired":[205],"framework":[207,242],"systems,":[210],"enhancement":[211],"robustness":[214],"beam":[217],"misalignment,":[218],"fading,":[220],"demonstration":[222],"framework\u2019s":[225],"applicability":[226],"current":[229],"5G":[230],"backhaul":[231],"scenarios":[232],"prospective":[234],"6G":[235,281,297],"optical":[236,256],"wireless":[237],"networks.":[238],"Beyond":[239],"simulation,":[240],"has":[243],"been":[244],"verified":[245],"practical":[247],"feasibility":[248],"shown":[250],"align":[252],"commercially":[254],"available":[255],"hardware.":[257],"In":[258],"addition,":[259],"be":[262],"integrated":[263],"real-time":[265],"sensing":[267],"predictive":[269],"models":[271],"enable":[273],"proactive":[274],"parameter":[275],"tuning,":[276],"ensuring":[277],"resilient":[278],"deployment.":[283],"Overall,":[284],"confirm":[287],"misalignment-optimized":[289],"enhances":[291],"resilience":[292],"severe":[294],"conditions,":[295],"supporting":[296],"availability":[298],"requirements.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}