{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415883177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830","title":"Comparative Analysis of Quantum Encoding Techniques for Biomarker Classification","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of Quantum Encoding Techniques for Biomarker Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415883177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3628830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032310501","display_name":"Aicha Eutamene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1514-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125485651","display_name":"University Fr\u00e8res Mentouri Constantine 1","ror":"https://ror.org/017wv6808","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125485651"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aicha Eutamene","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Fréres Mentouri-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria","University Frères Mentouri of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1514-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Fréres Mentouri-Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125485651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Frères Mentouri of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125485651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097356601","display_name":"Islam Djemmal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5173-5149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155582","display_name":"Centre Universitaire de Mila","ror":"https://ror.org/05s3cw058","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155582"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Islam Djemmal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, LIRE Laboratory, Institute of Sciences and Technology, University Center Abdelhafid Boussouf, Mila, Algeria","Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Sciences and Technology, LIRE Laboratory, Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center of Mila, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5173-5149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, LIRE Laboratory, Institute of Sciences and Technology, University Center Abdelhafid Boussouf, Mila, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155582"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Sciences and Technology, LIRE Laboratory, Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center of Mila, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068969975","display_name":"Hacene Belhadef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-5406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160465","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Constantine 2","ror":"https://ror.org/056mctw68","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160465"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767747","display_name":"University of Constantine 3","ror":"https://ror.org/04wk25q62","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767747"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hacene Belhadef","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTIC Faculty, University of Constantine 2-Abdelhamid Mehri, Constantine, Algeria","NTIC Faculty, University Abdelhamid MEHRI of Constantine 2, Constantine, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-5406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTIC Faculty, University of Constantine 2-Abdelhamid Mehri, Constantine, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160465","https://openalex.org/I4391767747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTIC Faculty, University Abdelhamid MEHRI of Constantine 2, Constantine, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160465"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109454030","display_name":"A. M. Mutawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-2692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799345387","display_name":"Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (Kuwait)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wacmk20","country_code":"KW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799345387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. Mutawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-2692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799345387","https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032310501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125485651"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16130244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"191230","last_page":"191241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9492999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9492999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7152000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker","display_name":"Biomarker","score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.35370001196861267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7152000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13336665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125977","display_name":"Vector space","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3628830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c2fcdac9ff8478cbe7bf5592baac4ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c2fcdac9ff8478cbe7bf5592baac4ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 191230-191241 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3628830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3628830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505191356","https://openalex.org/W2611138580","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2796293949","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2916041164","https://openalex.org/W2954939433","https://openalex.org/W3009313620","https://openalex.org/W3075559820","https://openalex.org/W3135279508","https://openalex.org/W3147993824","https://openalex.org/W3209237089","https://openalex.org/W4280546230","https://openalex.org/W4288844465","https://openalex.org/W4319586141","https://openalex.org/W4382407759","https://openalex.org/W4384471097","https://openalex.org/W4384935381","https://openalex.org/W4387829081","https://openalex.org/W4391523211","https://openalex.org/W4391609037","https://openalex.org/W4391715170","https://openalex.org/W4394767579","https://openalex.org/W4396571524","https://openalex.org/W4399325501","https://openalex.org/W4399745619","https://openalex.org/W4402928081","https://openalex.org/W4402973840","https://openalex.org/W4403652587","https://openalex.org/W4403688751","https://openalex.org/W4403747891","https://openalex.org/W4404273238","https://openalex.org/W4405019573","https://openalex.org/W4406853505","https://openalex.org/W4409921743","https://openalex.org/W4410660764","https://openalex.org/W4411044436","https://openalex.org/W4412803155"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biomarker":[0],"classification":[1,218],"represents":[2],"a":[3,86,162],"significant":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,25,133,158,194,200,228],"biological,":[7],"medical":[8],"diagnostics,":[9],"and":[10,35,52,66,71,76,109,128,142,172,213,220],"bioinformatics,":[11],"where":[12,122],"high-dimensional":[13],"datasets":[14],"represent":[15],"challenges":[16],"to":[17,89],"classical":[18,74,114,144,173,186],"machine":[19,38],"learning":[20,39],"models.":[21],"The":[22],"study":[23],"presented":[24],"this":[26],"paper":[27],"focuses":[28],"on":[29,95,150],"the":[30,96,119,138,143,155,168,181,222],"impact":[31],"of":[32,131,164,224],"data":[33,208],"encoding":[34],"explores":[36],"quantum":[37,45,102,140,170,183,207],"algorithms":[40],"for":[41],"biomarker":[42,217],"classification.":[43],"Three":[44],"embedding":[46,108,111,124,179,191],"methods;":[47],"Angle":[48,110,178],"Embedding,":[49,51,57],"Amplitude":[50,190],"IQP":[53,107,123,153,212],"(Instantaneous":[54],"Quantum":[55,61,67],"Polynomial)":[56],"were":[58,93],"combined":[59],"with":[60,116,152],"Support":[62],"Vector":[63],"Machines":[64],"(QSVM)":[65],"k-Nearest":[68],"Neighbors":[69],"(QkNN)":[70],"compared":[72],"against":[73],"SVM":[75],"KNN":[77,187],"baselines.":[78],"Principal":[79],"Component":[80],"Analysis":[81],"(PCA)":[82],"was":[83,197],"applied":[84],"as":[85,211],"preprocessing":[87],"step":[88],"reduce":[90],"dimensionality.":[91],"Experiments":[92],"conducted":[94],"CuMiDa":[97],"breast":[98],"cancer":[99],"dataset":[100],"using":[101],"simulators.":[103],"Results":[104],"show":[105],"that":[106,205],"significantly":[112],"outperform":[113],"models":[115],"QSVM,":[117],"achieving":[118,154],"best":[120,182],"performance,":[121],"reaching":[125],"93.1%":[126],"accuracy":[127],"an":[129],"F1-score":[130],"0.93":[132],"higher-dimensional":[134],"settings,":[135],"outperforming":[136],"both":[137,167],"other":[139,169],"embeddings":[141,171],"SVM.":[145],"For":[146],"QkNN,":[147],"performance":[148,219],"depended":[149],"dimensionality,":[151],"strongest":[156],"results":[157],"lower":[159],"dimensions,":[160,177],"including":[161],"precision":[163],"87.1%,":[165],"surpassing":[166],"KNN.":[174],"In":[175],"higher":[176],"yielded":[180],"results,":[184],"though":[185],"remained":[188],"superior.":[189],"consistently":[192],"underperformed":[193],"QSVM":[195],"but":[196],"more":[198],"competitive":[199],"QkNN.":[201],"These":[202],"findings":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"advanced":[206],"encoding,":[209],"such":[210],"Angle,":[214],"can":[215],"enhance":[216],"highlight":[221],"promise":[223],"hybrid":[225],"quantum-classical":[226],"approaches":[227],"biomedical":[229],"applications.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}