{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415821099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932","title":"Dangerous Speech Classification on Twitter Using Multilabel Aspects and Structural Features","display_name":"Dangerous Speech Classification on Twitter Using Multilabel Aspects and Structural Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415821099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070095496","display_name":"Yulian Findawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-5404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulian Findawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-5404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055527258","display_name":"Diana Purwitasari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7000-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Purwitasari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7000-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049292410","display_name":"Agus Budi Raharjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agus Budi Raharjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1342-8594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89296504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"189506","last_page":"189527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.8683000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.8683000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-accusation","display_name":"False accusation","score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.34940001368522644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.619700014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5533000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59577422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10265143","display_name":"False accusation","level":2,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8789d9ad765d40ba9ff662727f51503d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8789d9ad765d40ba9ff662727f51503d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 189506-189527 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dangerous":[0],"speech":[1,28,106],"on":[2,26,32,63],"social":[3,53,138],"media\u2014particularly":[4],"content":[5],"inciting":[6],"violence":[7],"against":[8],"specific":[9],"groups\u2014has":[10],"become":[11],"a":[12,60,83,91,97,126,149,155,161],"growing":[13],"concern":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,72],"its":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,59,124],"fueling":[20],"conflict":[21],"and":[22,35,54,70,108,113,160,190,203,209,242],"polarization.":[23],"Prior":[24],"research":[25],"dangerous":[27,105,143],"classification":[29,99],"mainly":[30],"focuses":[31],"tweet":[33,85],"text":[34,189],"features":[36,170],"such":[37,236],"as":[38,237],"user":[39,44,115],"influence":[40,116],"level,":[41],"emotions,":[42],"or":[43,65,79],"attributes.":[45],"However,":[46],"many":[47],"studies":[48],"overlook":[49],"essential":[50],"aspects,":[51,107],"including":[52],"historical":[55],"context,":[56],"dehumanization,":[57],"accusation":[58],"mirror,":[61],"attacks":[62],"children":[64],"women,":[66],"questioning":[67],"group":[68,73],"loyalty,":[69],"threats":[71],"integrity.":[74],"The":[75,118],"co-occurrence":[76],"of":[77,128,220],"two":[78],"more":[80,240],"aspects":[81],"within":[82],"single":[84],"indicates":[86],"that":[87,168],"it":[88],"falls":[89],"under":[90],"multilabel":[92,104],"aspect.":[93],"This":[94],"study":[95],"proposes":[96],"multimodal":[98,163,234],"framework":[100],"integrating":[101],"textual":[102],"features,":[103],"structural":[109],"features\u2014namely":[110],"engagement":[111],"metrics":[112],"graph-based":[114],"levels.":[117],"dataset":[119],"comprises":[120],"3,254":[121],"tweets":[122],"collected":[123],"2019\u20132022,":[125],"period":[127],"peak":[129],"political":[130],"polarization":[131],"after":[132],"the":[133,179,217,229],"2019":[134],"Presidential":[135],"Election,":[136],"when":[137,187],"media":[139],"was":[140],"laden":[141],"with":[142,176,194],"narratives.":[144],"We":[145],"evaluate":[146],"three":[147],"models:":[148],"traditional":[150,224],"machine":[151],"learning":[152],"model":[153,158,173],"(TF-DangerML),":[154],"transformer-based":[156,233],"hybrid":[157],"(BERT-DangerML),":[159],"neural":[162],"architecture":[164],"(Multi-DangerBERT).":[165],"Results":[166],"show":[167],"aspect-based":[169,221],"substantially":[171],"improve":[172],"performance.":[174],"TF-DangerML":[175,227],"XGBoost":[177],"achieves":[178,197],"best":[180],"results":[181],"(96.3%":[182],"accuracy,":[183,199,232],"95.9%":[184],"macro":[185,201,205],"F1-score)":[186],"combining":[188],"aspect":[191],"features.":[192],"Multi-DangerBERT":[193,238],"concat":[195],"pooling":[196],"95.4%":[198],"94.8%":[200],"F1-score,":[202],"0.983":[204],"ROC-AUC,":[206],"showing":[207],"balanced":[208,244],"discriminative":[210],"performance":[211],"across":[212],"classes.":[213],"These":[214],"findings":[215],"highlight":[216],"complementary":[218],"strengths":[219],"modeling:":[222],"while":[223],"models":[225,235],"like":[226],"achieve":[228],"highest":[230],"overall":[231],"offer":[239],"stable":[241],"consistently":[243],"predictions.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
