{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387","title":"Accuracy is Not Enough: Multi-Head Gated Attention Multiple Instance Learning Model for Explainable Breast Cancer Diagnosis","display_name":"Accuracy is Not Enough: Multi-Head Gated Attention Multiple Instance Learning Model for Explainable Breast Cancer Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091924587","display_name":"Jakub Buler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6684-7446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Buler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6684-7446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091924588","display_name":"Rafa\u0142 Buler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafa\u0142 Buler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5654-9754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012410948","display_name":"Maciej Bobowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-1960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Bobowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-1960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034493946","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Grochowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Grochowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-2410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gda&#x0144;sk University of Technology, Gda&#x0144;sk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091924587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15751859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"188032","last_page":"188048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"Mammography","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.35440000891685486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7972000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:305f37026f7d4db4b51c85454d169bc6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/305f37026f7d4db4b51c85454d169bc6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 188032-188048 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3627387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3627387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2304298711","https://openalex.org/W3020975691","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3182950653","https://openalex.org/W3212053370","https://openalex.org/W4313648826","https://openalex.org/W4366262984","https://openalex.org/W4376139060","https://openalex.org/W4391543438","https://openalex.org/W4396700202","https://openalex.org/W4399307561","https://openalex.org/W4402916371"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention-based":[0],"models":[1,47,237],"are":[2,16],"inherently":[3],"interpretable":[4],"owing":[5],"to":[6,9,35,60,171,224,234],"their":[7,14],"ability":[8],"highlight":[10],"relevant":[11],"features,":[12],"yet":[13],"explanations":[15],"rarely":[17],"rigorously":[18],"validated.":[19],"We":[20],"introduce":[21],"a":[22,79],"multi-head":[23],"gated":[24,49],"attention":[25,38,50,54,58],"multiple":[26],"instance":[27],"learning":[28],"(MH-GAMIL)":[29],"mechanism":[30],"for":[31],"image":[32],"classification,":[33],"designed":[34],"provide":[36,238],"disentangled":[37],"via":[39],"separated":[40],"heads,":[41],"and":[42,56,65,78,100,115,128,134,139,144,173,213],"compare":[43],"it":[44],"with":[45,89,123,161],"established":[46],"like":[48],"(GAMIL),":[51],"clustering":[52],"constrained":[53],"(CLAM),":[55],"dual-stream":[57],"(DSMIL)":[59],"assess":[61],"both":[62,209],"predictive":[63],"performance":[64,106],"explanation":[66,119],"effectiveness.":[67],"The":[68,92],"study":[69,228],"used":[70],"two":[71],"mammography":[72],"datasets:":[73],"TOMPEI-CMMD,":[74],"comprising":[75],"2436":[76],"images,":[77],"non-public":[80],"dataset":[81],"from":[82],"the":[83,157,162,245],"Medical":[84],"University":[85],"of":[86,169,247],"Gda\u0144sk":[87],"(MUG)":[88],"2422":[90],"images.":[91],"datasets":[93],"differ":[94],"in":[95,208],"resolution,":[96],"pixel":[97],"depth,":[98],"spacing,":[99],"acquisition":[101],"devices.":[102],"Breast":[103],"cancer":[104],"classification":[105],"was":[107,121,150],"evaluated":[108],"using":[109],"accuracy,":[110,147],"macro":[111,113,116],"precision,":[112],"recall,":[114],"F1-score,":[117],"while":[118,189],"quality":[120],"assessed":[122],"Relevance":[124],"Rank":[125],"Accuracy":[126],"(RRA)":[127],"an":[129,166],"adapted":[130],"Effective":[131],"Sparseness.":[132],"GAMIL":[133,205],"MH-GAMIL":[135,155,212],"consistently":[136],"outperformed":[137],"CLAM":[138,190],"DSMIL,":[140],"achieving":[141],"76\u201378%":[142],"intra-site":[143],"57\u201367%":[145],"cross-site":[146,220],"though":[148],"accuracy":[149],"not":[151],"our":[152],"main":[153],"focus.":[154],"achieved":[156],"highest":[158],"localization":[159,184,198],"performance,":[160],"positive":[163],"head":[164],"reaching":[165],"average":[167],"RRA":[168,217],"up":[170],"0.452":[172],"moderate":[174,183],"sparsity":[175,187,193],"(0.361\u20130.565)":[176],"across":[177],"all":[178],"training\u2013testing":[179],"permutations.":[180],"DSMIL":[181,214],"showed":[182],"(RRA":[185,199],"0.115\u20130.269,":[186],"0.256\u20130.440),":[188],"exhibited":[191],"high":[192],"but":[194],"almost":[195],"no":[196],"correct":[197],"as":[200,202],"low":[201],"0.005).":[203],"Single-head":[204],"performed":[206],"poorly":[207],"metrics.":[210],"Notably,":[211],"maintained":[215],"reasonable":[216],"even":[218],"under":[219],"evaluation,":[221],"demonstrating":[222],"robustness":[223],"domain":[225],"shift.":[226],"Our":[227],"highlights":[229],"empirical":[230],"evaluation":[231],"is":[232],"crucial":[233],"ensure":[235],"attention-based":[236],"meaningful,":[239],"trustworthy":[240],"insights":[241],"rather":[242],"than":[243],"giving":[244],"illusion":[246],"decision":[248],"interpretability.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}
