{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978","title":"Which Visual Features Influence Perceived Authenticity in AI-Generated Portrait Photography? A Mixed-Methods Study","display_name":"Which Visual Features Influence Perceived Authenticity in AI-Generated Portrait Photography? A Mixed-Methods Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3626978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101297293","display_name":"Yang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6229-9922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115597138","display_name":"Tao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8381-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8381-6104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049053197","display_name":"Younghwan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younghwan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-6687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Experience Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78380973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"190054","last_page":"190074"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.2387000024318695,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.2387000024318695,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.17270000278949738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.1598999947309494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"Naturalness","score":0.9246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portrait","display_name":"Portrait","score":0.78329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photography","display_name":"Photography","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.3547999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134537474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17144832","display_name":"Naturalness","level":2,"score":0.9246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162462552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307","display_name":"Portrait","level":2,"score":0.78329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119657128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11633","display_name":"Photography","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111370547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451120","display_name":"Sensory cue","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16282426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173095","display_name":"Digital photography","level":3,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3626978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa8e77792fe946b6a45f7942fafc203c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa8e77792fe946b6a45f7942fafc203c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 190054-190074 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3626978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3626978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"AI-generated":[1,38,92],"portrait":[2,39],"images":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"photorealistic,":[6],"understanding":[7],"how":[8,125],"viewers":[9],"assess":[10],"their":[11],"authenticity":[12,36,117],"is":[13],"critical":[14],"for":[15],"applications":[16],"in":[17,37],"digital":[18],"media,":[19],"content":[20],"verification,":[21],"and":[22,72,80,100,110,132,142],"generative":[23],"system":[24],"design.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"investigates":[28],"which":[29],"visual":[30,51,127,143],"cues":[31,128],"most":[32],"significantly":[33],"affect":[34],"perceived":[35],"photography":[40],"(AIGPP).":[41],"Employing":[42],"a":[43,75],"mixed-methods":[44],"approach,":[45],"we":[46],"first":[47],"identified":[48],"eight":[49],"candidate":[50],"features\u2014skin":[52],"texture":[53],"(ST),":[54],"spatial":[55],"consistency":[56],"(SC),":[57],"facial":[58],"proportion":[59],"(FP),":[60],"pose":[61],"naturalness":[62,65],"(PN),":[63],"expression":[64],"(EN),":[66],"limb":[67],"realism":[68,130],"(LR),":[69],"styling":[70],"(STY),":[71],"composition":[73],"(CP)\u2014through":[74],"systematic":[76],"literature":[77],"review":[78],"(SLR)":[79],"expert":[81],"interviews.":[82],"A":[83],"subsequent":[84],"survey":[85],"involving":[86],"508":[87],"participants":[88],"was":[89],"conducted":[90],"using":[91],"portraits":[93],"as":[94],"stimuli.":[95],"Statistical":[96],"analyses,":[97],"including":[98],"correlation":[99],"multiple":[101],"regression,":[102],"revealed":[103],"that":[104],"facial-related":[105],"features,":[106],"particularly":[107],"EN,":[108],"FP,":[109],"ST,":[111],"were":[112],"the":[113,135],"strongest":[114],"predictors":[115],"of":[116,137],"perception.":[118],"These":[119],"findings":[120],"provide":[121],"empirical":[122],"insights":[123],"into":[124],"micro-level":[126],"influence":[129],"judgment":[131],"may":[133],"inform":[134],"optimization":[136],"AI":[138],"image":[139],"generation":[140],"systems":[141],"evaluation":[144],"protocols.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}
