{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415444023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Deepfake Detection Techniques Utilizing Remote Photoplethysmography","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of Deepfake Detection Techniques Utilizing Remote Photoplethysmography","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415444023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3624284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114516098","display_name":"Kavya Sree Kammari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kavya Sree Kammari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025343423","display_name":"Manju Khanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-0732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manju Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-0732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116607977","display_name":"Yasasree Lasya Annambhotla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasasree Lasya Annambhotla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114851543","display_name":"Keerthi Devarajan Anuradha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerthi Devarajan Anuradha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120097752","display_name":"Poosarla Naga Suryapadma Namrata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poosarla Naga Suryapadma Namrata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2954-2618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058462461","display_name":"K.V. Nagaraja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-5015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. V. Nagaraja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Science Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","Amrita School of Engineering, Computational Science Lab, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-5015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Science Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita School of Engineering, Computational Science Lab, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012065227","display_name":"T Smitha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-5148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. V. Smitha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Science Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","Amrita School of Engineering, Computational Science Lab, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-5148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Science Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita School of Engineering, Computational Science Lab, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048239546","display_name":"Tony Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029523168","display_name":"Ganesh R. Naik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-9838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganesh R. Naik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-9838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University Australia, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.701,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68979928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"183557","last_page":"183578"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.926800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.6500999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.27320000529289246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8101999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.6500999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3624284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa1b42bebd3c4ca69dd5b025a4517855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa1b42bebd3c4ca69dd5b025a4517855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 183557-183578 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3624284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3624284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311327","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deepfake":[0],"technology":[1],"enables":[2],"the":[3,15,68,101,120,132,158],"creation":[4],"of":[5,19,122,134,141],"highly":[6],"realistic":[7],"but":[8],"fabricated":[9],"videos,":[10],"raising":[11],"significant":[12],"concerns":[13],"about":[14],"authenticity":[16],"and":[17,91,96,154,171],"reliability":[18],"digital":[20,167],"media.":[21],"As":[22],"deepfakes":[23,90],"become":[24,31],"increasingly":[25],"sophisticated,":[26],"effective":[27],"detection":[28,60,102,121,145],"methods":[29,104],"have":[30],"crucial.":[32],"One":[33],"promising":[34],"approach":[35],"involves":[36],"Remote":[37],"PhotoPlethysmography":[38],"(rPPG),":[39],"a":[40,56,81,138],"non-contact":[41],"method":[42],"that":[43,105,126],"measures":[44],"subtle":[45],"changes":[46],"in":[47,72,109,129,157],"skin":[48],"color":[49],"to":[50,66,79,150,162,165],"estimate":[51],"heart":[52],"rate.":[53],"rPPG":[54,107],"is":[55],"powerful":[57],"tool":[58],"for":[59,88],"as":[61],"deepfake":[62,144],"videos":[63,125],"often":[64],"fail":[65],"replicate":[67],"physiological":[69],"signals":[70,108],"inherent":[71],"real":[73],"human":[74],"subjects.":[75],"This":[76],"survey":[77,148],"aims":[78,149],"provide":[80],"comprehensive":[82,139],"understanding":[83],"on":[84],"various":[85],"rPPG-based":[86,143],"techniques":[87],"identifying":[89],"analyzing":[92],"their":[93],"effectiveness,":[94],"challenges,":[95],"future":[97,152],"potential.":[98],"To":[99],"improve":[100],"accuracy,":[103],"enhance":[106],"combination":[110],"with":[111],"machine":[112],"learning":[113],"models":[114],"are":[115,127],"examined.":[116],"Real-world":[117],"applications,":[118],"including":[119],"fake":[123],"celebrity":[124],"employed":[128],"propaganda,":[130],"illustrate":[131],"applicability":[133],"these":[135],"techniques.":[136],"Through":[137],"review":[140],"existing":[142],"techniques,":[146],"this":[147],"inform":[151],"research":[153],"development":[155],"endeavors":[156],"area,":[159],"thereby":[160],"contributing":[161],"broader":[163],"efforts":[164],"secure":[166],"content":[168],"from":[169],"tampering":[170],"exploitation.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}