{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415366447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900","title":"On the Adversarial Robustness of Hand-Crafted Features and Their Role in Defending Adversarial Examples","display_name":"On the Adversarial Robustness of Hand-Crafted Features and Their Role in Defending Adversarial Examples","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415366447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003240544","display_name":"Shuohan Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuohan Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-6618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lihui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0781-6124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0781-6124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035952586","display_name":"Charith Abhayaratne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-7395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charith Abhayaratne","raw_affiliation_strings":["1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-7395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86522368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"186138","last_page":"186167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9319000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7591999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.3831000030040741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9319000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7591999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7573000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6638000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986577269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11306265","display_name":"Random noise","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200331156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506041","display_name":"Jacobian matrix and determinant","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a21568c2df854b4b92dd7566a9906cfc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a21568c2df854b4b92dd7566a9906cfc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 186138-186167 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:234078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0781-6124>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"achieved":[5],"tremendous":[6],"success":[7],"in":[8,163],"various":[9],"computer":[10],"vision":[11],"tasks":[12],"but":[13],"remain":[14],"highly":[15],"vulnerable":[16],"to":[17,48,84],"adversarial":[18,37,55,86,131,166],"examples.":[19],"To":[20],"address":[21],"this":[22,41,50],"limitation,":[23],"we":[24,43,60,115],"investigate":[25],"the":[26,54,62,72,90,125,130,139,157],"inherent":[27],"robustness":[28,51,73,146],"of":[29,57,103,133,160],"hand-crafted":[30,161],"features":[31,80,83,162],"and":[32,81],"validate":[33],"their":[34],"resilience":[35,56],"against":[36,165],"perturbations.":[38],"Building":[39],"on":[40,89,129,150],"insight,":[42],"propose":[44],"two":[45],"complementary":[46],"approaches":[47],"leverage":[49],"for":[52],"improving":[53],"DNNs.":[58],"First,":[59],"introduce":[61],"Adversarial":[63],"Awareness":[64],"Score":[65],"(AAS),":[66],"a":[67],"novel":[68],"metric":[69],"that":[70,94,122],"quantifies":[71],"disparity":[74],"between":[75],"Wavelet":[76],"Scattering":[77],"Network":[78],"(WSN)":[79],"DNN":[82],"detect":[85],"inputs.":[87,152],"Experiments":[88],"ImageNet":[91],"dataset":[92],"demonstrate":[93,156],"our":[95],"AAS-based":[96],"detection":[97,112],"method":[98],"achieves":[99],"an":[100,117],"average":[101],"accuracy":[102,149],"87.28%":[104],"across":[105],"multiple":[106],"attack":[107],"types,":[108],"significantly":[109],"outperforming":[110],"state-of-the-art":[111],"methods.":[113],"Second,":[114],"develop":[116],"AAS-guided":[118],"Jacobian":[119],"regularisation":[120,143],"strategy":[121],"dynamically":[123],"penalises":[124],"training":[126],"loss":[127],"based":[128],"likelihood":[132],"each":[134],"input,":[135],"as":[136],"indicated":[137],"by":[138],"AAS.":[140],"This":[141],"adaptive":[142],"enhances":[144],"model":[145],"while":[147],"preserving":[148],"clean":[151],"Together,":[153],"these":[154],"contributions":[155],"practical":[158],"utility":[159],"defending":[164],"threats,":[167],"thereby":[168],"building":[169],"more":[170],"trustworthy":[171],"AI":[172],"systems.":[173],"(Codes":[174],"are":[175],"available":[176],"at":[177],"https://github.com/lestrance/RobustAI).":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
