{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415366482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834","title":"Next-Generation Smart Grid Cybersecurity: A Systematic Review of OT Cyber Threats, AI-Driven Defense, Cyber Deception Techniques, and Emerging Security Strategies","display_name":"Next-Generation Smart Grid Cybersecurity: A Systematic Review of OT Cyber Threats, AI-Driven Defense, Cyber Deception Techniques, and Emerging Security Strategies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415366482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120072119","display_name":"Hind Lakhal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hind Lakhal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3595-0614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017463855","display_name":"Mourad Zegrari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-8933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mourad Zegrari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004051073","display_name":"Ayoub Bahnasse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-2860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayoub Bahnasse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-2860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Digital Engineering for Leading Technology and Automation (DELTA), ENSAM Casablanca, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88194444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"181519","last_page":"181552"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectualization","display_name":"Intellectualization","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3718999922275543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6662999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130631938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144894","display_name":"Intellectualization","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64848388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188867","display_name":"Futures studies","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cc6bbddfae40476a8cc5f0c6b64ff30e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cc6bbddfae40476a8cc5f0c6b64ff30e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 181519-181552 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926766979","https://openalex.org/W2015086338","https://openalex.org/W2080227433","https://openalex.org/W2230317998","https://openalex.org/W2244582324","https://openalex.org/W2406619912","https://openalex.org/W2743310649","https://openalex.org/W2794421626","https://openalex.org/W2899871590","https://openalex.org/W2945546522","https://openalex.org/W2963012457","https://openalex.org/W2976189582","https://openalex.org/W2990462800","https://openalex.org/W3046607810","https://openalex.org/W3109531627","https://openalex.org/W3126446500","https://openalex.org/W3130146167","https://openalex.org/W3130854279","https://openalex.org/W3134279748","https://openalex.org/W3148962211","https://openalex.org/W3161594686","https://openalex.org/W3173870401","https://openalex.org/W3182184929","https://openalex.org/W3197520482","https://openalex.org/W4214923837","https://openalex.org/W4233971389","https://openalex.org/W4236839279","https://openalex.org/W4301195673","https://openalex.org/W4309728511","https://openalex.org/W4309960760","https://openalex.org/W4319081549","https://openalex.org/W4367297572","https://openalex.org/W4378071184","https://openalex.org/W4386173722","https://openalex.org/W4386881452","https://openalex.org/W4387005284","https://openalex.org/W4387343565","https://openalex.org/W4387576480","https://openalex.org/W4389914878","https://openalex.org/W4391467361","https://openalex.org/W4391649861","https://openalex.org/W4392364798","https://openalex.org/W4392847142","https://openalex.org/W4393238276","https://openalex.org/W4396589252","https://openalex.org/W4396597353","https://openalex.org/W4396768380","https://openalex.org/W4396859175","https://openalex.org/W4399089638","https://openalex.org/W4399158318","https://openalex.org/W4400198665","https://openalex.org/W4400856174","https://openalex.org/W4401070070","https://openalex.org/W4401117567","https://openalex.org/W4401507023","https://openalex.org/W4401980053","https://openalex.org/W4402300356","https://openalex.org/W4402393696","https://openalex.org/W4402587370","https://openalex.org/W4402991027","https://openalex.org/W4403009958","https://openalex.org/W4403016979","https://openalex.org/W4403510934","https://openalex.org/W4404281730","https://openalex.org/W4405057679","https://openalex.org/W4405113317","https://openalex.org/W4405316589","https://openalex.org/W4406092406","https://openalex.org/W4407784636","https://openalex.org/W4407941379","https://openalex.org/W4410157364","https://openalex.org/W4410979868","https://openalex.org/W4411363719","https://openalex.org/W4411431797","https://openalex.org/W4412454417","https://openalex.org/W4412605994","https://openalex.org/W4413468112"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155],"swift":[1],"modernization":[2],"of":[3,30,48,69,102,149,157,202,211,222,241],"conventional":[4],"power":[5],"grids":[6,9,243],"into":[7],"smart":[8,32,119,242],"has":[10],"substantially":[11],"increased":[12],"their":[13,53],"attack":[14],"surface,":[15],"making":[16],"them":[17],"vulnerable":[18],"to":[19,35,51,88,98],"advanced":[20,74],"cyber":[21,246],"threats.":[22,247],"These":[23],"cyberattacks":[24],"can":[25,226],"jeopardize":[26],"the":[27,67,100,200,209,220,239],"seamless":[28],"operation":[29],"a":[31],"grid,":[33],"leading":[34],"significant":[36],"economic":[37],"losses":[38],"and":[39,55,79,115,138,152,159,165,170,176,208],"potential":[40],"malicious":[41],"control.":[42],"Securing":[43],"these":[44,233],"infrastructures":[45],"is":[46,235],"now":[47],"paramount":[49],"importance":[50],"ensure":[52],"resilience":[54,240],"optimal":[56],"performance.":[57],"Existing":[58],"studies":[59],"often":[60],"tackle":[61],"security":[62],"issues":[63],"separately":[64],"without":[65],"considering":[66],"complexity":[68],"Operational":[70],"Technology":[71],"systems,":[72],"requiring":[73],"strategies":[75],"for":[76,195,215,237],"threat":[77,140,217],"detection":[78],"mitigation.":[80,141],"To":[81],"bridge":[82],"this":[83,85],"gap,":[84],"study":[86,123],"aims":[87],"systematically":[89],"review":[90],"recent":[91],"research":[92,189],"in":[93,117,229],"accordance":[94],"with":[95],"PRISMA":[96],"guidelines":[97],"examine":[99],"role":[101],"Artificial":[103,126,224],"Intelligence,":[104],"Edge":[105,132],"Computing,":[106],"Digital":[107,143,205],"Twin":[108,144,206],"technology,":[109],"5G/6G,":[110],"Software-Defined":[111,160],"Networking,":[112],"Cyber":[113,181],"Deception,":[114],"Blockchain":[116,171],"enhancing":[118],"grid":[120],"cybersecurity.":[121],"This":[122,188],"demonstrates":[124],"that":[125],"Intelligence":[127,225],"improves":[128],"anomaly":[129],"detection,":[130],"while":[131,167],"Computing":[133],"reduces":[134],"latency,":[135],"conserves":[136],"bandwidth,":[137],"accelerates":[139],"Furthermore,":[142],"technology":[145],"enables":[146],"continuous":[147],"simulations":[148],"real-world":[150],"attacks":[151],"defense":[153],"scenarios.":[154],"convergence":[156],"5G/6G":[158],"Networking":[161],"enhances":[162],"network":[163],"flexibility":[164],"scalability,":[166],"Zero":[168],"Trust":[169],"provide":[172],"secure,":[173],"decentralized":[174],"frameworks":[175],"enhance":[177],"data":[178],"integrity.":[179],"Meanwhile,":[180],"Deception":[182],"strengthens":[183],"defenses":[184],"by":[185],"misleading":[186],"attackers.":[187],"sheds":[190],"light":[191],"on":[192,199],"key":[193],"opportunities":[194],"future":[196],"studies,":[197],"focusing":[198],"development":[201],"AI-driven":[203],"testbeds,":[204],"simulations,":[207],"integration":[210,221],"Quantum":[212],"Machine":[213],"Learning":[214],"sophisticated":[216],"analysis.":[218],"Additionally,":[219],"Explainable":[223],"foster":[227],"trust":[228],"automated":[230],"decisions.":[231],"Tackling":[232],"challenges":[234],"essential":[236],"strengthening":[238],"against":[244],"evolving":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-09T07:27:16.801131","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
