{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415366583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444","title":"Leveraging Unlabeled Data in Federated Learning: A Review","display_name":"Leveraging Unlabeled Data in Federated Learning: A Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415366583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K\u00fcbra Uludag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-2123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74897591","display_name":"Marmara University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kswqa67","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K\u00fcbra Uludag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye","Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-2123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041929046","display_name":"\u00c7i\u011fdem Ero\u011flu Erdem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44925452","display_name":"\u00d6zye\u011fin University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jjhfr75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c7igdem Eroglu Erdem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Özyeğin University, Istanbul, Türkiye","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-5652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Özyeğin University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44925452"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050065869","display_name":"\u00d6mer Kor\u00e7ak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4419-556X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74897591","display_name":"Marmara University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kswqa67","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6mer Kor\u00e7ak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye","Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4419-556X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74897591"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.2763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95643952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"181719","last_page":"181743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.805400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.32989999651908875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8720999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.805400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4d0a999b34f433fbd08412eeb2133bf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4d0a999b34f433fbd08412eeb2133bf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 181719-181743 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eresearch.ozyegin.edu.tr:10679/11151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10679/11151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400232","display_name":"ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (The Electrochemical Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802273670","host_organization_name":"Electrochemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802273670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3623444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3623444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2930055764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEAG-122E025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,84,112],"centralized":[1],"machine":[2],"learning,":[3],"both":[4],"the":[5,36,52,58,61,72,77,87,92,95,143,152,160,166,182],"data":[6,22,28,59,88,126,148,154,169,179],"and":[7,71,171,184],"model":[8,56,78,134],"to":[9,30,35,43,47,109,132,202],"be":[10,31,98,195],"trained":[11],"reside":[12],"on":[13,89,150,204],"a":[14,45,55,68,106,117,128,139,157,196],"single":[15],"server,":[16],"which":[17,104],"may":[18,97],"cause":[19],"problems":[20],"regarding":[21],"privacy":[23],"as":[24],"sensitive":[25],"or":[26,94,101,162],"personal":[27],"need":[29],"transferred":[32],"from":[33],"clients":[34,73,93],"server.":[37],"Federated":[38],"learning":[39,130,176,206],"has":[40],"been":[41],"proposed":[42,121],"provide":[44],"solution":[46],"this":[48,113,192],"problem":[49],"by":[50,74],"allowing":[51],"training":[53,64],"of":[54,81,91,119,142,174],"without":[57],"leaving":[60],"clients.":[62],"This":[63],"takes":[65],"place":[66],"between":[67],"coordinating":[69],"server":[70,96],"continuously":[75],"exchanging":[76,82],"parameters":[79],"instead":[80],"data.":[83,210],"real-life":[85],"applications,":[86],"some":[90],"partially":[99,208],"labeled":[100,209],"completely":[102],"unlabeled,":[103],"poses":[105],"severe":[107],"challenge":[108],"federated":[110,129,175,205],"learning.":[111],"paper,":[114],"we":[115],"present":[116,138],"survey":[118,193],"recently":[120],"methods":[122,144,180],"that":[123,145,191],"leverage":[124,146],"unlabeled":[125,147,153,178],"in":[127,181],"setting":[131],"improve":[133],"performance.":[135],"We":[136,164,189],"also":[137],"novel":[140],"taxonomy":[141],"based":[149],"whether":[151],"is":[155],"assigned":[156],"pseudo-label":[158],"during":[159],"process":[161],"not.":[163],"summarize":[165],"datasets,":[167],"main":[168],"modalities,":[170],"application":[172],"areas":[173],"with":[177,207],"literature":[183],"highlight":[185],"future":[186],"research":[187],"directions.":[188],"believe":[190],"will":[194],"useful":[197],"guide":[198],"for":[199],"researchers":[200],"planning":[201],"work":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}