{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7091544351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608","title":"Efficient XAI-Based Federated Learning Approach for Accurate Detection of False Data in Smart Grid","display_name":"Efficient XAI-Based Federated Learning Approach for Accurate Detection of False Data in Smart Grid","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7091544351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Islam Elgarhy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-590X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Islam Elgarhy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mahmoud M. Badr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-001X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud M. Badr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network and Computer Security, College of Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Utica, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network and Computer Security, College of Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Utica, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed M. E. A. Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-501X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed M. E. A. Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tariq Alshawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-8696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Alshawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mostafa M. Fouda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-8640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106969075","display_name":"Idaho State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0162z8b04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa M. Fouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maazen Alsabaan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maazen Alsabaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5762,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93628425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"181071","last_page":"181087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8102999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8102999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.08789999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.016100000590085983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.3718999922275543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8586000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42023084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249231","display_name":"Decision boundary","level":3,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e756c37dfd84a42abcbf9a0333d2a81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e756c37dfd84a42abcbf9a0333d2a81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 181071-181087 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7156804203987122,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"major":[1],"challenge":[2],"in":[3,88,93,212],"smart":[4],"power":[5,118],"grids":[6],"(SGs)":[7],"is":[8,111,144],"the":[9,20,67,114,123,160,199,221,231,240],"injection":[10],"of":[11,95,116,122,162,223],"false":[12,30,131,232],"data":[13,76,132],"by":[14,74,146,226,234,243],"malicious":[15,157],"actors,":[16],"which":[17],"may":[18],"disrupt":[19],"proper":[21],"operation":[22],"and":[23,156,207,238],"cause":[24],"financial":[25],"losses.":[26],"To":[27,97,171],"detect":[28],"such":[29],"data,":[31],"machine":[32],"learning":[33,46,50],"(ML)-based":[34],"methods":[35],"are":[36],"commonly":[37],"used,":[38],"with":[39,167],"models":[40],"being":[41],"trained":[42,112],"through":[43],"either":[44],"centralized":[45],"(CL)":[47],"or":[48],"federated":[49],"(FL)":[51],"approaches.":[52],"While":[53],"CL":[54],"approach":[55,87,109,127,150,197,216],"achieves":[56],"higher":[57],"classification":[58,82],"accuracy,":[59],"it":[60],"introduces":[61],"significant":[62],"privacy":[63,72],"risks.":[64],"In":[65],"contrast,":[66],"existing":[68,200],"FL":[69,108,139,196,202,224],"approaches":[70],"mitigate":[71],"concerns":[73],"keeping":[75],"decentralized":[77],"but":[78,135],"suffer":[79],"from":[80],"lower":[81],"accuracy":[83,134,206,242],"compared":[84],"to":[85,90,219],"CT":[86],"addition":[89],"high":[91],"overhead":[92],"terms":[94],"communication.":[96],"address":[98],"these":[99],"limitations,":[100],"we":[101,175],"propose":[102],"an":[103],"explainable":[104],"artificial":[105],"intelligence":[106],"(XAI)-based":[107],"that":[110,145,193],"on":[113],"explanations":[115],"electricity":[117],"consumption":[119,183],"readings":[120,124],"instead":[121],"themselves.":[125],"This":[126],"not":[128],"only":[129],"improves":[130],"detection":[133,241],"also":[136],"significantly":[137],"reduces":[138],"communication":[140],"overhead.":[141,209],"The":[142,189],"idea":[143],"leveraging":[147],"XAI,":[148],"our":[149,173,194,215],"can":[151],"effectively":[152],"distinguish":[153],"between":[154],"benign":[155],"samples,":[158],"enabling":[159],"establishment":[161],"a":[163],"precise":[164],"decision":[165],"boundary":[166],"fewer":[168],"training":[169],"rounds.":[170],"verify":[172],"approach,":[174],"conducted":[176],"extensive":[177],"evaluations":[178],"using":[179],"two":[180],"real-world":[181],"-electricity":[182],"datasets":[184],"under":[185],"various":[186],"cyber-attack":[187],"scenarios.":[188],"experimental":[190],"results":[191],"demonstrate":[192],"XAI-based":[195],"outperforms":[198],"data-based":[201],"approaches,":[203],"achieving":[204],"superior":[205],"reduced":[208],"For":[210],"instance,":[211],"some":[213],"cases,":[214],"was":[217],"able":[218],"reduce":[220,230],"number":[222],"rounds":[225],"more":[227,235,244],"than":[228,236,245],"80%,":[229],"alarm":[233],"82%,":[237],"increase":[239],"14%.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
