{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7091491364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594","title":"Enhancing Underwater Network Security: ML-Based Detection and Prediction of DDoS Attacks in IoUT Networks","display_name":"Enhancing Underwater Network Security: ML-Based Detection and Prediction of DDoS Attacks in IoUT Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7091491364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Min Gu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3727-0821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Gu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3727-0821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingze Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8796-4981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingze Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8796-4981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rudra Pratap Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudra Pratap Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Navneet Kaur Popli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8040-0721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navneet Kaur Popli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8040-0721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Mamun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4045-8687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mamun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4045-8687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48644804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"190618","last_page":"190629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.6521999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.6521999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.07670000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.057999998331069946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5342000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8234999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.713100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5342000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b1f652e5c474825b69be2b9b03f11f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b1f652e5c474825b69be2b9b03f11f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 190618-190629 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.814309298992157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3974354422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OCN-116-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","funder_display_name":"National Research Council Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103,141,190],"rapid":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,35,38,43,113,187,199,205],"underwater":[4,76,115,207],"communication":[5],"networks":[6],"through":[7],"autonomous":[8],"drones":[9],"and":[10,19,60,71,93,100,121,128,148,153,173],"sensors":[11],"marks":[12],"a":[13,62,132,177],"significant":[14],"advancement":[15],"in":[16,75,131,145],"ocean":[17],"exploration":[18],"data":[20,178,208],"collection.":[21],"However,":[22],"this":[23],"growth":[24],"introduces":[25],"new":[26],"vulnerabilities,":[27],"particularly":[28],"to":[29,51,69,96,183,194],"DDoS":[30,73],"attacks,":[31],"jeopardizing":[32],"the":[33,114,135,162,185,188,196,203],"integrity":[34],"IoUT":[36,58,129,200],"(Internet":[37],"Underwater":[39],"Things)devices.":[40],"Effective":[41],"mitigation":[42],"these":[44],"attacks":[45],"requires":[46],"tailored":[47],"defence":[48],"strategies":[49],"suited":[50],"submerged":[52],"environments.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"provides":[56],"quality":[57,186],"datasets":[59,167],"presents":[61],"predictive":[63],"model":[64,142,180],"leveraging":[65],"machine":[66,105],"learning":[67,106],"techniques":[68],"detect":[70],"mitigate":[72],"threats":[74],"networks.":[77],"By":[78],"analyzing":[79],"network":[80,116],"traffic,":[81],"we":[82],"employ":[83],"classifiers":[84],"such":[85],"as":[86,139],"Decision":[87],"Trees,":[88],"AdaBoost,":[89],"SVM,":[90],"K-Nearest":[91],"Neighbours,":[92],"Random":[94],"Forests":[95],"enhance":[97],"detection":[98],"accuracy":[99,136,155],"response":[101],"times.":[102],"enhanced":[104],"result":[107],"was":[108,181],"provided":[109],"for":[110,150],"various":[111,171],"conditions":[112],"(base,":[117],"light,":[118],"medium,":[119],"heavy,":[120],"extreme":[122],"conditions).":[123],"Compared":[124],"with":[125],"prior":[126],"IoT":[127],"studies,":[130],"terrestrial":[133],"environment,":[134],"is":[137],"reported":[138],"99%.":[140],"maintained":[143],"99%":[144],"base":[146],"condition":[147],"96%":[149],"both":[151],"validation":[152,179],"test":[154],"at":[156],"1":[157],"meter":[158],"depth.":[159],"To":[160],"validate":[161],"models,":[163],"real-world":[164],"aquatic":[165],"environment":[166],"are":[168],"collected":[169],"from":[170,209],"locations":[172],"depths.":[174],"In":[175],"addition,":[176],"implemented":[182],"verify":[184],"dataset.":[189],"proposed":[191],"solution":[192],"aims":[193],"strengthen":[195],"security":[197],"framework":[198],"devices,":[201],"ensuring":[202],"protection":[204],"critical":[206],"emerging":[210],"cyber":[211],"threats.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-11T23:18:09.558992","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}