{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415178714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312","title":"Numerical Investigation of Dual-Mode Angular Grating Sub-Wavelength Microring Resonator for Concurrent Refractive-Index and Temperature Sensing","display_name":"Numerical Investigation of Dual-Mode Angular Grating Sub-Wavelength Microring Resonator for Concurrent Refractive-Index and Temperature Sensing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415178714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063590363","display_name":"Muhammad Favad Qadir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Favad Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0909-8937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041976521","display_name":"Muhammad Zakwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2069-0232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zakwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Avionics and Aeronautics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Avionics and Aeronautics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008873965","display_name":"Saleem Shahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7610-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleem Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7610-9948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068924978","display_name":"Ahsan Sarwar Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1014-3622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Sarwar Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039802022","display_name":"Muhammad Mahmood Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-2459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82288201","display_name":"Institute of Technology Sligo","ror":"https://ror.org/032fvf508","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82288201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mahmood Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland","Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-2459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82288201"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82288201"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063590363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2665436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"186322","last_page":"186332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grating","display_name":"Grating","score":0.73089998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index","display_name":"Refractive index","score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-path","display_name":"Optical path","score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction-grating","display_name":"Diffraction grating","score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupled-mode-theory","display_name":"Coupled mode theory","score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.39629998803138733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.73089998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6837999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31872934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417028","display_name":"Optical path","level":2,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126753812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653294","display_name":"Diffraction grating","level":3,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5178020","display_name":"Coupled mode theory","level":3,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187725362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830521","display_name":"Q factor","level":3,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454132","display_name":"Free spectral range","level":3,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989271610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Optical sensing","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190269828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856168","display_name":"Optical cavity","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778460333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4228979","display_name":"Optical ring resonators","level":3,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1352e157a6945829213bfcabeed9070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1352e157a6945829213bfcabeed9070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 186322-186332 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advancements":[0],"in":[1,236],"fabrication":[2],"technology":[3],"have":[4,44],"enabled":[5],"the":[6,31,61,78,106,113,132,143,154,166,174,185,206],"development":[7],"of":[8,53,64,96,105,108,139,170,201],"various":[9],"waveguide":[10],"structures":[11],"for":[12,25,126,142,153,173,184,205,234],"integrated":[13],"optical":[14,26,62],"sensors,":[15],"including":[16],"subwavelength-based":[17,23],"designs.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20],"introduces":[21],"a":[22,86,136,197],"design":[24],"sensing":[27,32,128],"applications.":[28],"To":[29,80],"extend":[30],"range,":[33],"side-mode":[34,116,193],"suppression":[35,117,194],"techniques":[36],"based":[37,71],"on":[38,112],"angular":[39,48,88],"grating":[40,89,227],"subwavelength":[41,90,226],"microring":[42,65,91],"resonators":[43],"been":[45],"implemented.":[46],"These":[47],"gratings":[49],"employ":[50],"silicon":[51],"pillars":[52],"distinct":[54],"widths,":[55],"facilitating":[56],"effective":[57],"index":[58,69],"modulation":[59],"along":[60],"path":[63],"resonator.":[66],"For":[67],"refractive":[68],"(RI)":[70],"sensing,":[72],"ambient":[73,163],"temperature":[74,164],"variations":[75],"significantly":[76],"impact":[77],"RI.":[79],"address":[81],"this":[82],"challenge,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"dual-polarization":[87],"resonator":[92],"(DP":[93],"AG-SWGMRR)":[94],"capable":[95],"simultaneously":[97],"measuring":[98],"RI":[99],"and":[100,119,150,181,222],"temperature.":[101],"A":[102],"comprehensive":[103],"analysis":[104],"effects":[107],"key":[109],"structural":[110],"parameters":[111],"center":[114],"wavelength,":[115],"ratio":[118],"quality":[120],"factor":[121],"is":[122],"presented.":[123],"Simulation":[124],"results":[125],"bulk":[127],"applications":[129,235],"indicate":[130],"that":[131],"proposed":[133,214],"device":[134],"achieves":[135,196],"high":[137],"sensitivity":[138],"1222":[140],"nm/RIU":[141,152],"<italic":[144,155,175,186,207],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[145,147,156,158,176,178,187,189,208,210],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">TM</i><sub":[146,177],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[148,159,179,190,211],"mode":[149,180],"850":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">TE</i><sub":[157,188,209],"mode.":[160,191,212],"Furthermore,":[161],"under":[162],"variations,":[165],"sensor":[167],"provides":[168],"sensitivities":[169],"208":[171],"pm/\u00b0C":[172,183],"286":[182],"The":[192,213],"capability":[195],"free":[198],"spectral":[199],"range":[200],"approximately":[202],"47.8":[203],"nm":[204],"structure":[215],"demonstrates":[216],"excellent":[217],"performance,":[218],"accuracy,":[219],"compact":[220,237],"size,":[221],"compatibility":[223],"with":[224],"other":[225],"waveguide-based":[228],"devices,":[229],"underscoring":[230],"its":[231],"significant":[232],"potential":[233],"biomedical":[238],"sensing.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}