{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415124083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013","title":"A GRPO-Based Approach to Hierarchical Knowledge Distillation in Military Information Extraction","display_name":"A GRPO-Based Approach to Hierarchical Knowledge Distillation in Military Information Extraction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415124083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066072288","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9491-3668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9491-3668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051923097","display_name":"LI Zong-yong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lingshu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8165-0317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingshu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8165-0317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051996157","display_name":"Gaoshan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-8378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoshan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721274","display_name":"Yu Hen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-0677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xia Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700473","display_name":"Yunxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5537-3774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165845","display_name":"Southwestern Institute of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrdx898","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Electronic and Telecommunication Technology Research Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165845"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86399998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"187627","last_page":"187637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13734","display_name":"Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications","score":0.8497999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13734","display_name":"Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications","score":0.8497999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.7329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.7272999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-engineering","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.34130001068115234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7709000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778493491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449072","display_name":"Semantic matching","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985727698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Semantic annotation","level":3,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509989072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15188241","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","level":4,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:39a5828028af4b3a8c285ab38ecd2760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/39a5828028af4b3a8c285ab38ecd2760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 187627-187637 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3621013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3621013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Military":[0],"text":[1,91],"processing":[2],"faces":[3],"multifaceted":[4],"challenges,":[5],"including":[6],"real-time":[7],"response":[8],"requirements,":[9],"high":[10],"recognition":[11],"accuracy":[12],"demands,":[13],"and":[14,24,164,175],"computational":[15,176],"resource":[16],"constraints,":[17],"compounded":[18],"by":[19,162,167],"semantic":[20,95],"ambiguity,":[21],"data":[22,99],"scalability,":[23],"complex":[25],"relational":[26],"characteristics.":[27],"To":[28],"address":[29],"these":[30],"issues,":[31],"this":[32,129],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"a":[35,55,61,70,103,147,179],"hierarchical":[36,56],"knowledge":[37,57,106],"distillation":[38],"framework":[39,53],"for":[40,183],"military":[41,90,104,131,139,185],"information":[42,140],"extraction,":[43],"leveraging":[44],"the":[45,85,126,142,155],"Group":[46],"Relative":[47],"Policy":[48],"Optimization":[49],"(GRPO)":[50],"algorithm.":[51],"The":[52,113],"establishes":[54],"transfer":[58],"architecture,":[59],"integrating":[60],"pre-trained":[62],"large":[63],"language":[64],"model":[65,72,160,173],"(Teacher":[66],"Model,":[67,74],"TM)":[68],"with":[69,102],"lightweight":[71],"(Student":[73],"SM).":[75],"Initially,":[76],"systematic":[77],"prompt":[78],"engineering":[79,181],"templates":[80],"are":[81,100],"designed":[82],"to":[83,108,119,154],"guide":[84],"TM":[86],"in":[87,138,151],"generating":[88],"high-quality":[89],"annotation":[92],"corpora.":[93],"Subsequently,":[94],"features":[96],"from":[97],"generative":[98],"fused":[101],"domain":[105],"base":[107],"construct":[109],"an":[110],"enhanced":[111],"dataset.":[112],"GRPO":[114],"algorithm":[115],"is":[116],"then":[117],"employed":[118],"drive":[120],"Low-Rank":[121],"Adaptation":[122],"(LoRA)-based":[123],"fine-tuning":[124],"of":[125],"SM":[127,144],"on":[128],"enriched":[130],"corpus.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"significant":[136],"improvements":[137],"extraction:":[141],"GRPO-optimized":[143],"(SM-GRPO)":[145],"achieves":[146],"48.8%":[148],"absolute":[149],"increase":[150],"F1-score":[152],"compared":[153],"baseline":[156],"SM,":[157],"while":[158],"reducing":[159],"parameters":[161],"90.2%":[163],"inference":[165],"latency":[166],"83.7%.":[168],"This":[169],"approach":[170],"effectively":[171],"balances":[172],"compression":[174],"efficiency,":[177],"offering":[178],"practical":[180],"solution":[182],"resource-constrained":[184],"environments.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-07T23:20:04.922697","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}