{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415125562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643","title":"Trade-Offs Between Fingerprinting and Self-Organizing Maps in RIS-Based Indoor Positioning","display_name":"Trade-Offs Between Fingerprinting and Self-Organizing Maps in RIS-Based Indoor Positioning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415125562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3620643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119975761","display_name":"Stanislava Slavova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stanislava Slavova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076287155","display_name":"Naveed Ali Khan Kaim Khani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-590X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-590X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066080641","display_name":"Stefan Schmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-1711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-1711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Architecture and Management (INET) Technical University Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119975761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26363996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9430000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7328000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6725000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6288999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.3386000096797943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7328000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6725000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6288999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91682802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620538","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3620643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f300f5544b254e90a517a5289b759998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f300f5544b254e90a517a5289b759998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 177175-177184 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3620643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3620643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"positioning":[1,202],"is":[2,168],"essential":[3],"for":[4,152,203],"applications":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7],"smart":[8],"manufacturing,":[9],"logistics,":[10],"healthcare,":[11],"transportation,":[12],"and":[13,28,33,65,85,103,150,160,185],"immersive":[14],"media.":[15],"Conventional":[16],"wireless":[17,45,205],"methods":[18,119,144],"can":[19],"be":[20],"unreliable":[21],"indoors":[22],"because":[23],"obstacles":[24],"like":[25],"walls,":[26],"interference,":[27],"reflections":[29],"distort":[30],"the":[31,54,61,101],"signals":[32],"reduce":[34],"accuracy.":[35],"Reconfigurable":[36],"Intelligent":[37],"Surfaces":[38],"(RIS)":[39],"address":[40],"these":[41,117],"issues":[42],"by":[43],"reshaping":[44],"propagation.":[46],"Programmable":[47],"phase":[48],"shifts":[49],"create":[50],"controlled":[51,140],"diversity":[52],"in":[53,100,171,200],"radio":[55],"environment":[56],"without":[57],"extra":[58],"infrastructure,":[59],"improving":[60],"separability":[62],"of":[63,116],"fingerprints":[64],"enabling":[66],"more":[67,169,186],"reliable":[68],"learning-based":[69],"positioning.":[70],"Fingerprinting":[71],"with":[72,106,176,189],"k-Nearest":[73],"Neighbors":[74],"(k-NN)":[75],"remains":[76],"a":[77],"standard":[78],"approach":[79],"due":[80],"to":[81,129,158],"its":[82],"simplicity,":[83],"transparency,":[84],"low":[86],"training":[87,178],"cost.":[88],"Self-Organizing":[89],"Maps":[90],"(SOM)":[91],"provide":[92],"an":[93],"unsupervised":[94],"alternative":[95],"that":[96,166,196],"captures":[97],"hidden":[98],"structures":[99],"data":[102],"scales":[104],"better":[105],"larger":[107,190],"inputs":[108],"but":[109],"require":[110],"dedicated":[111],"training.":[112],"A":[113],"direct":[114],"comparison":[115],"two":[118],"under":[120,139,147],"RIS-assisted":[121,201],"conditions":[122],"clarifies":[123],"how":[124],"different":[125],"algorithmic":[126],"strategies":[127],"respond":[128],"RIS-induced":[130],"signal":[131,161],"diversity.":[132],"The":[133,192],"evaluation":[134],"uses":[135],"real":[136],"datasets":[137],"collected":[138],"RIS":[141],"configurations.":[142],"Both":[143],"are":[145],"tested":[146],"identical":[148],"preprocessing":[149],"assessed":[151],"accuracy,":[153],"computational":[154],"efficiency,":[155],"scalability,":[156],"robustness":[157],"noise,":[159],"strength":[162],"behavior.":[163],"Results":[164],"show":[165],"fingerprinting":[167],"robust":[170],"small-scale":[172],"or":[173],"noisy":[174],"environments":[175],"limited":[177],"resources,":[179],"while":[180],"SOM":[181],"offers":[182],"faster":[183],"inference":[184],"stable":[187],"scaling":[188],"datasets.":[191],"benchmark":[193],"identifies":[194],"trade-offs":[195],"guide":[197],"algorithm":[198],"selection":[199],"next-generation":[204],"systems.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}