{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415048405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998","title":"Energy Modeling and Simulation of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Switcher Locomotive: A Canadian Case Study","display_name":"Energy Modeling and Simulation of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Switcher Locomotive: A Canadian Case Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415048405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3619998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062212152","display_name":"Hussein A. Taha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein A. Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Automotive and Surface Transportation, Ottawa, ON, Canda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Automotive and Surface Transportation, Ottawa, ON, Canda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009745347","display_name":"S.L. Girard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Girard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Automotive and Surface Transportation, Ottawa, ON, Canda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1956-1756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Automotive and Surface Transportation, Ottawa, ON, Canda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102921871","display_name":"Mohamed Hegazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6409-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Hegazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada","School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Okanagan Campus—University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440","https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Okanagan Campus—University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24285401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"176562","last_page":"176572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel","display_name":"Diesel fuel","score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-and-simulation","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-power","display_name":"Hybrid power","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.4115000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.694100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167343916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888384","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.43320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86155754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13636979","display_name":"Hybrid power","level":3,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516807790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161511644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908333","display_name":"Auxiliary power unit","level":3,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9682599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11549077","display_name":"Hydrogen fuel","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19065316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551748","display_name":"Hydrogen vehicle","level":4,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3619998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:608e4bbdaf0142c8a718017723a3e045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/608e4bbdaf0142c8a718017723a3e045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 176562-176572 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3619998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3619998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338099","display_name":"Office of Energy Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562035013","https://openalex.org/W2750944822","https://openalex.org/W2915831670","https://openalex.org/W2921824523","https://openalex.org/W2971739138","https://openalex.org/W3000702622","https://openalex.org/W3159240511","https://openalex.org/W3170373641","https://openalex.org/W3190707749","https://openalex.org/W3196622294","https://openalex.org/W3198917144","https://openalex.org/W3204387420","https://openalex.org/W3209809327","https://openalex.org/W3217777466","https://openalex.org/W4200236764","https://openalex.org/W4361756685","https://openalex.org/W4384080799","https://openalex.org/W4386783024","https://openalex.org/W4387510122","https://openalex.org/W4391730682","https://openalex.org/W4393994424","https://openalex.org/W4394564370","https://openalex.org/W4394981778","https://openalex.org/W4404563197","https://openalex.org/W4405908218","https://openalex.org/W4414239216"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,6,11,40,76,83,95,109,113,131,146,161,170,181,205],"decarbonization":[4],"of":[5,16,79,97,148,154,211,214,219],"rail":[7,37,47],"system":[8,28],"while":[9],"studying":[10],"energy":[12,32,43,77],"demand":[13],"and":[14,42,66,92,118,165,174,204,217],"management":[15],"hybrid":[17,57,233],"sources":[18],"for":[19,35,46,151],"an":[20],"electrified":[21,36,136],"switcher":[22,51,80,110,202],"locomotive.":[23],"A":[24,49,102],"hydrogen":[25,162],"Fuel":[26,64,114],"Cell":[27,115],"is":[29,53,82,89,105,124,140,195],"a":[30,56,200,209,225],"potential":[31],"storage":[33],"solution":[34],"to":[38,74,107,168],"meet":[39,75,169],"weight":[41],"density":[44],"requirements":[45],"systems.":[48],"diesel":[50,133],"locomotive":[52,87,137,171],"decarbonized":[54],"with":[55,232],"Energy":[58],"Storage":[59],"System":[60],"(ESS),":[61],"50":[62],"kW":[63],"Cell,":[65],"100.4":[67],"KWh":[68],"Lithium-ion":[69],"battery.":[70],"Managing":[71],"this":[72],"ESS":[73],"demands":[78],"locomotives":[81],"main":[84],"challenge.":[85],"The":[86,120,135,157,177,192],"prototype":[88,138],"being":[90,141],"converted":[91],"integrated":[93],"by":[94,143],"University":[96,147],"British":[98,149,155],"Columbia,":[99],"BC,":[100],"Canada.":[101],"SIMULINK":[103],"model":[104,123,159,179,194],"developed":[106,121,142,158],"simulate":[108],"operation":[111,184],"including":[112],"system,":[116],"battery,":[117],"loads.":[119,176],"simulation":[122,178,206,230],"verified":[125,196],"against":[126],"realistic":[127,201],"data":[128,198],"collected":[129],"from":[130,145,199],"locomotive\u2019s":[132],"operation.":[134],"retrofit":[139],"students":[144],"Columbia":[150],"Southern":[152],"Railway":[153],"Columbia.":[156],"estimates":[160,180],"fuel":[163],"consumption":[164],"required":[166],"refueling":[167],"duty":[172,185],"cycle":[173],"auxiliary":[175],"maximum":[182],"allowable":[183],"under":[186],"different":[187],"initial":[188],"battery":[189],"charging":[190],"levels.":[191],"proposed":[193],"using":[197],"operation,":[203],"results":[207],"promise":[208],"saving":[210],"6.2":[212],"tons":[213],"carbon":[215],"emission":[216],"75%":[218],"operational":[220,227],"cost":[221],"on":[222],"average,":[223],"over":[224],"12-hour":[226],"shift.":[228],"Detailed":[229],"scenarios":[231],"power":[234],"sharing":[235],"are":[236],"reported.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}