{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414908489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909","title":"A Survey on Class Imbalance Learning Algorithms in Complex Scenarios","display_name":"A Survey on Class Imbalance Learning Algorithms in Complex Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414908489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013891376","display_name":"Lingyun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-9786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-9786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984030","display_name":"Fei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-6888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-6888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041893866","display_name":"Qing-Hua Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087988017","display_name":"Henry Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-6719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157394403","display_name":"Baylor University","ror":"https://ror.org/005781934","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-6719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhu Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2961-4403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2961-4403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429115","display_name":"Wenhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4320-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101838110","display_name":"Zihao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-9656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, JiangSu University, ZhenJiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6085,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91219485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"180799","last_page":"180833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9004999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3278000056743622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5273000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50b3a587ccd640a6990811a54e18d7fc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50b3a587ccd640a6990811a54e18d7fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 180799-180833 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6109895777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Class":[0],"imbalance":[1,19,51],"introduces":[2],"bias":[3],"into":[4],"model":[5,44],"learning":[6,52],"and":[7,11,33,64,108,150,153,177],"remains":[8],"a":[9,71,126],"persistent":[10],"fundamental":[12],"challenge":[13],"in":[14,54,86,103],"machine":[15],"learning.":[16],"When":[17],"class":[18,31,50],"is":[20],"coupled":[21],"with":[22,161,172],"complex":[23,55,139],"data":[24,148],"distribution":[25],"characteristics,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"noise":[29],"interference,":[30],"overlap,":[32],"small":[34],"disjuncts,":[35],"these":[36,122],"interactions":[37],"significantly":[38],"exacerbate":[39],"the":[40,60,75,78,83,87,98,110,114,132,144,157,165],"degradation":[41],"of":[42,62,67,74,100,113,117,134,159],"classification":[43,136],"performance.":[45],"This":[46,141],"paper":[47,79,166],"systematically":[48],"reviews":[49],"algorithms":[53],"scenarios,":[56,107],"aiming":[57],"to":[58,130],"clarify":[59],"scope":[61],"applicability":[63,115],"underlying":[65],"mechanisms":[66],"specific":[68,162],"techniques.":[69],"Through":[70],"critical":[72],"review":[73],"existing":[76],"literature,":[77],"not":[80],"only":[81],"summarizes":[82],"latest":[84],"advancements":[85],"field,":[88],"but":[89],"more":[90],"importantly":[91],"identifies":[92,174],"two":[93],"key":[94],"research":[95],"gaps:":[96],"(1)":[97],"limitations":[99],"current":[101],"methods":[102],"addressing":[104],"multi-source":[105],"complexity":[106],"(2)":[109],"ambiguous":[111],"delineation":[112],"range":[116],"target":[118],"algorithms.":[119],"To":[120],"address":[121],"issues,":[123],"we":[124],"design":[125],"systematic":[127],"experimental":[128],"framework":[129,142],"evaluate":[131],"performance":[133],"imbalanced":[135],"across":[137],"various":[138],"scenarios.":[140,163],"reveals":[143],"mapping":[145],"between":[146],"different":[147],"complexities":[149],"algorithm":[151],"effectiveness,":[152],"offers":[154],"recommendations":[155],"for":[156,181],"compatibility":[158],"techniques":[160],"Finally,":[164],"provides":[167],"guidance":[168],"on":[169],"matching":[170],"scenarios":[171],"techniques,":[173],"open":[175],"challenges,":[176],"outlines":[178],"potential":[179],"directions":[180],"future":[182],"research.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}