{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415048388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225","title":"Small Target Defect Detection on Steel Surface Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion","display_name":"Small Target Defect Detection on Steel Surface Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415048388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qinyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4298-2441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334729051","display_name":"Xinjiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndrvk93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["1College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4298-2441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102583971","display_name":"Huajian Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334729051","display_name":"Xinjiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndrvk93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159152","display_name":"Tongling University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kqvjg13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huajian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["2College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Tongling University, Tongling, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3113-2383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Tongling University, Tongling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101647762","display_name":"Jingyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0662-0091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334729051","display_name":"Xinjiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndrvk93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["1College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Ürümqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334729051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8794523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"176276","last_page":"176286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9470000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.930899977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.44830000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.76910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6dd65a170f14be1828678e59547bf82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6dd65a170f14be1828678e59547bf82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 176276-176286 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3618225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3618225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2651366959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024jsqygz104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","funder_display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G302032415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023tlxyrc58","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335932","funder_display_name":"Startup Research Fund of Zhengzhou University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335932","display_name":"Startup Research Fund of Zhengzhou University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335955","display_name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aiming":[0],"at":[1],"the":[2,28,43,58,62,92,95,102,138,147,162,169,182,191,207],"problem":[3],"of":[4,94,140,184,204,209],"insufficient":[5],"detection":[6,53,86,98],"accuracy":[7],"for":[8,66],"small":[9,67],"target":[10],"defects":[11],"on":[12],"steel":[13],"surfaces,":[14],"which":[15,106],"often":[16],"leads":[17],"to":[18,31,168,190],"missed":[19],"detections":[20],"and":[21,36,76,143,201],"false":[22],"alarms,":[23],"this":[24,70],"paper":[25],"improves":[26],"upon":[27],"YOLOv8n":[29,171],"algorithm":[30,38],"propose":[32],"a":[33,115,175,196,202],"more":[34],"precise":[35],"efficient":[37],"named":[39],"HM-YOLO.":[40],"To":[41,89],"enhance":[42],"model\u2019s":[44,163],"sensitivity":[45],"towards":[46],"small-size":[47],"defects,":[48],"an":[49],"additional":[50],"tiny":[51,96],"object":[52,97],"layer":[54],"is":[55,128],"incorporated":[56],"into":[57],"model,":[59,172,193],"significantly":[60],"improving":[61],"feature":[63,118,155,164],"representation":[64],"capability":[65],"objects.":[68],"However,":[69],"enhancement":[71],"may":[72],"also":[73],"amplify":[74],"noise":[75],"relatively":[77],"lack":[78],"high-level":[79,133,158],"semantic":[80],"information,":[81],"thereby":[82],"limiting":[83],"its":[84],"overall":[85],"performance":[87],"improvement.":[88],"fully":[90],"exploit":[91],"potential":[93],"layer,":[99],"we":[100],"introduce":[101],"MPDIoU":[103],"loss":[104],"function,":[105],"helps":[107],"optimize":[108],"boundaries":[109],"between":[110],"different":[111,141],"defect":[112],"types.":[113],"Additionally,":[114],"novel":[116],"multi-scale":[117],"fusion":[119],"method":[120],"called":[121],"Channel-Spatial":[122],"High-screening":[123],"Feature":[124],"Pyramid":[125],"Network":[126],"(CSH-FPN)":[127],"proposed.":[129],"This":[130],"network":[131],"uses":[132],"features":[134],"as":[135],"weights,":[136],"adjusting":[137],"importance":[139],"channels":[142],"spatial":[144],"locations":[145],"via":[146],"CBAM":[148],"attention":[149],"mechanism.":[150],"It":[151],"fuses":[152],"filtered":[153],"low-level":[154],"information":[156],"with":[157],"features,":[159],"thus":[160],"enhancing":[161],"expression":[165],"ability.":[166],"Compared":[167],"original":[170],"HM-YOLO":[173,194],"achieves":[174],"6.83%":[176],"increase":[177],"in":[178,199,206],"mAP@0.5":[179,200],"while":[180],"reducing":[181],"number":[183,208],"parameters":[185],"by":[186],"33.89%.":[187],"When":[188],"compared":[189],"YOLOv11n":[192],"shows":[195],"3.23%":[197],"improvement":[198],"reduction":[203],"23.17%":[205],"parameters.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}