{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414647326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181","title":"Is This the Best Prompt? Scoring Prompts for Arabic NLP Across LLMs","display_name":"Is This the Best Prompt? Scoring Prompts for Arabic NLP Across LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414647326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3616181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084756913","display_name":"Dania Refai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-8797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dania Refai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002926676","display_name":"Maged S. Al-shaibani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112034","display_name":"King Fahd Military Medical Complex","ror":"https://ror.org/01c524129","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112034"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maged S. Al-Shaibani","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDAIA–KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDAIA–KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070341092","display_name":"Irfan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-1731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Computer Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084756913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1409343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"171468","last_page":"171492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.914900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcasm","display_name":"Sarcasm","score":0.8327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.34860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035","display_name":"Sarcasm","level":3,"score":0.8327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5493999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44572571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7448970","display_name":"SemEval","level":3,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3616181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b22479c6bb6446dcb5b060a0096cd254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b22479c6bb6446dcb5b060a0096cd254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 171468-171492 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3616181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3616181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035642982","https://openalex.org/W2621199241","https://openalex.org/W2897761140","https://openalex.org/W3035507081","https://openalex.org/W3160638507","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W4205523161","https://openalex.org/W4285129823","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4385570088","https://openalex.org/W4389524534","https://openalex.org/W4391494850","https://openalex.org/W4392669898","https://openalex.org/W4393160302","https://openalex.org/W4396833505","https://openalex.org/W4401042655","https://openalex.org/W4401042779","https://openalex.org/W4401208776","https://openalex.org/W4403670069","https://openalex.org/W4404515031","https://openalex.org/W4404725192","https://openalex.org/W4413169625"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,12,155],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"demonstrate":[4,189],"impressive":[5],"capabilities":[6],"across":[7,74,111,168,196,267],"a":[8,103,130,137,254,268],"range":[9,269],"of":[10,62,217,238,270],"natural":[11],"processing":[13],"(NLP)":[14],"tasks.":[15],"However,":[16],"they":[17],"are":[18],"highly":[19],"sensitive":[20],"to":[21,29,70,107],"prompt":[22,50,63,193,246,260],"design,":[23],"which":[24],"significantly":[25],"affects":[26],"their":[27],"ability":[28],"align":[30],"outputs":[31],"with":[32],"user":[33],"intent.":[34],"Poorly":[35],"crafted":[36],"prompts":[37,73,110,167,201,221],"can":[38,89,263],"result":[39],"in":[40,85],"misleading":[41],"or":[42,96],"irrelevant":[43],"responses.":[44],"Nevertheless,":[45],"selecting":[46],"the":[47,59,215,218,235],"most":[48,219],"effective":[49,220],"from":[51],"several":[52],"candidates":[53],"remains":[54],"an":[55],"open":[56],"challenge.":[57],"Despite":[58],"growing":[60],"importance":[61],"engineering,":[64],"there":[65],"is":[66],"no":[67,191],"comprehensive":[68],"framework":[69,106,143,213],"systematically":[71],"evaluate":[72,108],"multiple":[75,169],"dimensions,":[76],"such":[77],"as":[78,136],"similarity,":[79],"performance,":[80,116],"efficiency,":[81],"and":[82,123,126,161,175,184,208,256,276],"consistency,":[83],"particularly":[84],"scenarios":[86],"where":[87],"performance":[88,186,231,266],"be":[90],"traded":[91],"off":[92],"against":[93],"computational":[94],"cost":[95],"consistency.":[97,127],"In":[98],"this":[99,142,241],"study,":[100,139],"we":[101,140],"propose":[102],"novel":[104],"scoring":[105],"handcrafted":[109],"four":[112],"essential":[113],"dimensions:":[114],"Similarity,":[115],"efficiency":[117],"(measured":[118],"by":[119],"latency,":[120],"input":[121],"tokens,":[122],"output":[124],"tokens),":[125],"Considering":[128],"Arabic,":[129],"relatively":[131],"low-resource,":[132],"morphologically":[133],"rich":[134],"language,":[135],"case":[138],"evaluated":[141],"on":[144,204],"six":[145],"diverse":[146,273],"text":[147],"classification":[148],"tasks:":[149],"Dialect":[150],"identification,":[151],"sentiment":[152],"analysis,":[153],"offensive":[154],"detection,":[156,158,160],"stance":[157],"emotion":[159],"sarcasm":[162],"detection.":[163],"Our":[164],"methodology":[165,258],"assesses":[166],"LLMs":[170],"(GPT-4o":[171],"mini,":[172],"LLaMA,":[173],"ALLAM,":[174],"Claude":[176],"3.5":[177],"Haiku),":[178],"providing":[179],"valuable":[180],"insights":[181],"into":[182],"model-specific":[183],"task-specific":[185],"patterns.":[187],"Results":[188],"that":[190,262],"single":[192],"universally":[194],"excels":[195],"all":[197],"dimensions;":[198],"rather,":[199],"optimal":[200],"vary":[202],"based":[203],"specific":[205],"task":[206],"requirements":[207],"evaluation":[209,261],"priorities.":[210],"The":[211],"proposed":[212],"enables":[214],"identification":[216],"for":[222,248,259],"each":[223],"application":[224],"context":[225],"while":[226],"revealing":[227],"important":[228],"trade-offs":[229],"between":[230],"metrics.":[232],"By":[233],"addressing":[234],"unique":[236],"challenges":[237],"Arabic":[239],"NLP,":[240],"research":[242],"not":[243],"only":[244],"advances":[245],"engineering":[247],"underrepresented":[249],"languages":[250],"but":[251],"also":[252],"provides":[253],"systematic":[255],"adaptable":[257],"enhance":[264],"LLM":[265],"linguistic":[271],"contexts,":[272],"domains,":[274],"tasks,":[275],"various":[277],"model":[278],"architectures.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}