{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414404644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Agricultural Ground Automatic Navigation Systems Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of Agricultural Ground Automatic Navigation Systems Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414404644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junjin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024753773","display_name":"Noraishikin Zulkarnain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-0174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noraishikin Zulkarnain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-0174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045354230","display_name":"Mohd Faisal Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-1206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Faisal Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-1206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079322357","display_name":"Ili Najaa Aimi Mohd Nordin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8806-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I930072361","display_name":"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/01c5wha71","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ili Najaa Aimi Mohd Nordin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I930072361"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092748186","display_name":"Seyed Abdollah Vaghefi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Abdollah Vaghefi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UKM Bangi, Selangor, &#x00A0;Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28078342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"168159","last_page":"168182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13535","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT","score":0.6340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13535","display_name":"Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT","score":0.6340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.6032000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.5932999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6791999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/navigation-system","display_name":"Navigation system","score":0.41440001130104065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6791999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6685000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777891301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475123","display_name":"Navigation system","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47136581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000047","display_name":"Agricultural machinery","level":3,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201004817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707071","display_name":"Guidance system","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26990112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887224","display_name":"Mobile robot navigation","level":5,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3338a136bcf4a71a812b594a5875dce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3338a136bcf4a71a812b594a5875dce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 168159-168182 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":161,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899499258","https://openalex.org/W1968315983","https://openalex.org/W1968510751","https://openalex.org/W1972670477","https://openalex.org/W1978580424","https://openalex.org/W2000143088","https://openalex.org/W2000366535","https://openalex.org/W2007091512","https://openalex.org/W2010220362","https://openalex.org/W2015077867","https://openalex.org/W2034059570","https://openalex.org/W2035265040","https://openalex.org/W2044115878","https://openalex.org/W2050165764","https://openalex.org/W2067224799","https://openalex.org/W2075946860","https://openalex.org/W2076341203","https://openalex.org/W2090717353","https://openalex.org/W2103216907","https://openalex.org/W2104043593","https://openalex.org/W2117211893","https://openalex.org/W2126626010","https://openalex.org/W2140428383","https://openalex.org/W2169462560","https://openalex.org/W2263255823","https://openalex.org/W2296693324","https://openalex.org/W2329739548","https://openalex.org/W2342846291","https://openalex.org/W2346939607","https://openalex.org/W2418575979","https://openalex.org/W2506376746","https://openalex.org/W2532525729","https://openalex.org/W2580246494","https://openalex.org/W2581621527","https://openalex.org/W2754177129","https://openalex.org/W2768412479","https://openalex.org/W2770652511","https://openalex.org/W2781729746","https://openalex.org/W2781949500","https://openalex.org/W2793295782","https://openalex.org/W2805551236","https://openalex.org/W2895647709","https://openalex.org/W2895719192","https://openalex.org/W2899299366","https://openalex.org/W2900117440","https://openalex.org/W2908697872","https://openalex.org/W2921596634","https://openalex.org/W2923092290","https://openalex.org/W2944948359","https://openalex.org/W2947592332","https://openalex.org/W2950814059","https://openalex.org/W2951328376","https://openalex.org/W2968936678","https://openalex.org/W2976292222","https://openalex.org/W2985423702","https://openalex.org/W2990416137","https://openalex.org/W2993156196","https://openalex.org/W3013742767","https://openalex.org/W3016260777","https://openalex.org/W3025639385","https://openalex.org/W3032120116","https://openalex.org/W3036259090","https://openalex.org/W3037669312","https://openalex.org/W3047943751","https://openalex.org/W3048302016","https://openalex.org/W3085827535","https://openalex.org/W3092317128","https://openalex.org/W3120870734","https://openalex.org/W3129245057","https://openalex.org/W3129658868","https://openalex.org/W3132677443","https://openalex.org/W3134348556","https://openalex.org/W3153588019","https://openalex.org/W3158002639","https://openalex.org/W3158604288","https://openalex.org/W3173018040","https://openalex.org/W3177493809","https://openalex.org/W3179628561","https://openalex.org/W3194255688","https://openalex.org/W3196811292","https://openalex.org/W3198266985","https://openalex.org/W3204011935","https://openalex.org/W3205587909","https://openalex.org/W3213371914","https://openalex.org/W3215975560","https://openalex.org/W3216051377","https://openalex.org/W4205312222","https://openalex.org/W4205369109","https://openalex.org/W4210428984","https://openalex.org/W4212966960","https://openalex.org/W4225489329","https://openalex.org/W4226066524","https://openalex.org/W4234212133","https://openalex.org/W4236251699","https://openalex.org/W4282601779","https://openalex.org/W4282813578","https://openalex.org/W4283593652","https://openalex.org/W4285090036","https://openalex.org/W4285134996","https://openalex.org/W4285140202","https://openalex.org/W4295064466","https://openalex.org/W4297094597","https://openalex.org/W4297537663","https://openalex.org/W4308595937","https://openalex.org/W4309406542","https://openalex.org/W4312627441","https://openalex.org/W4318499073","https://openalex.org/W4322500381","https://openalex.org/W4365453344","https://openalex.org/W4366989324","https://openalex.org/W4382653103","https://openalex.org/W4382882829","https://openalex.org/W4383109108","https://openalex.org/W4383264276","https://openalex.org/W4384694769","https://openalex.org/W4385434264","https://openalex.org/W4385934095","https://openalex.org/W4385948992","https://openalex.org/W4386324850","https://openalex.org/W4386523349","https://openalex.org/W4386920433","https://openalex.org/W4387890045","https://openalex.org/W4388271317","https://openalex.org/W4388742594","https://openalex.org/W4388794513","https://openalex.org/W4389262772","https://openalex.org/W4389704920","https://openalex.org/W4391936024","https://openalex.org/W4393098597","https://openalex.org/W4394564332","https://openalex.org/W4394762442","https://openalex.org/W4394842467","https://openalex.org/W4395465408","https://openalex.org/W4396733633","https://openalex.org/W4396934745","https://openalex.org/W4398190613","https://openalex.org/W4398256088","https://openalex.org/W4399163077","https://openalex.org/W4399426369","https://openalex.org/W4399450344","https://openalex.org/W4399939085","https://openalex.org/W4400031709","https://openalex.org/W4400427117","https://openalex.org/W4401018307","https://openalex.org/W4402054744","https://openalex.org/W4402767919","https://openalex.org/W4403390348","https://openalex.org/W4403859889","https://openalex.org/W4404376890","https://openalex.org/W4404576839","https://openalex.org/W4404685711","https://openalex.org/W4404756815","https://openalex.org/W4408222772","https://openalex.org/W4408565481","https://openalex.org/W4408590892","https://openalex.org/W4408803092","https://openalex.org/W4408944330","https://openalex.org/W4409357075","https://openalex.org/W4410721780","https://openalex.org/W4412833401","https://openalex.org/W4414399396"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54,110],"a":[1,17,50],"complex":[2,90],"and":[3,13,33,79,121,139,149,158,164,179],"changing":[4],"agricultural":[5,11,39,61,69,108,171,192],"environment,":[6],"achieving":[7,41],"autonomous":[8,43],"navigation":[9,44,70,99,119,123,172],"of":[10,27,60,68,84,133,166,187],"robots":[12],"field":[14,91],"machinery":[15],"is":[16],"fundamental":[18],"prerequisite":[19],"for":[20,112,161],"completing":[21],"various":[22,191],"farming":[23],"tasks.":[24],"However,":[25],"because":[26],"the":[28,57,66,82,127,162],"unstructured":[29],"nature,":[30],"high":[31],"dynamics,":[32],"signal":[34],"interference":[35],"commonly":[36,85],"found":[37],"in":[38,45,89,107,131,169,190],"scenarios,":[40],"high-precision":[42],"such":[46],"challenging":[47],"environments":[48],"remains":[49],"significant":[51],"research":[52],"challenge.":[53],"response":[55],"to":[56,75],"unique":[58],"complexity":[59],"settings,":[62],"this":[63],"study":[64,175],"outlines":[65],"evolution":[67],"technologies":[71,189],"from":[72],"single-sensor":[73,87,98],"systems":[74,116,120,125],"advanced":[76],"multi-sensor":[77,113,134],"approaches":[78],"systematically":[80],"evaluates":[81],"applicability":[83],"used":[86],"methods":[88],"environments.":[92],"The":[93],"findings":[94],"indicate":[95],"that,":[96],"among":[97],"applications,":[100],"vision-based":[101],"techniques":[102],"are":[103,126,143,194],"more":[104],"widely":[105],"adopted":[106],"scenarios.":[109],"contrast,":[111],"navigation,":[114],"integrated":[115],"combining":[117],"inertial":[118],"global":[122,178],"satellite":[124],"most":[128],"prevalent.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"terms":[132],"fusion":[135,167,188],"algorithms,":[136],"kalman":[137],"filters":[138],"their":[140],"extended":[141],"variants":[142],"extensively":[144],"employed,":[145],"demonstrating":[146],"strong":[147],"robustness":[148],"adaptability.":[150],"These":[151],"analyses":[152],"can":[153],"offer":[154],"valuable":[155],"theoretical":[156],"foundations":[157],"practical":[159,185],"guidance":[160],"selection":[163],"optimization":[165],"strategies":[168],"future":[170],"systems.":[173],"This":[174],"also":[176],"compared":[177],"local":[180],"path":[181],"planning":[182],"algorithms.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"applications":[186],"scenarios":[193],"discussed.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
