{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414404773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497","title":"A Multi-Layer Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Toxic Comment Detection in Assamese","display_name":"A Multi-Layer Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Toxic Comment Detection in Assamese","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414404773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113234773","display_name":"Mandira Neog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-8149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64128412","display_name":"Dibrugarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/045kfbt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64128412"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mandira Neog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64128412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062431070","display_name":"Nomi Baruah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4965-9933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64128412","display_name":"Dibrugarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/045kfbt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64128412"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nomi Baruah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64128412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113234773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64128412"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38716111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"165718","last_page":"165737"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.6901999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.6769000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assamese","display_name":"Assamese","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6998000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatialization","display_name":"Spatialization","score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.33500000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29401","display_name":"Assamese","level":2,"score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.730400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6998000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777031145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4430987","display_name":"Spatialization","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:94150bddafd04bf0aca4b0e0c3fb007b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/94150bddafd04bf0aca4b0e0c3fb007b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 165718-165737 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3612497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3612497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891067899","https://openalex.org/W2999191720","https://openalex.org/W3013466528","https://openalex.org/W3021895194","https://openalex.org/W3037546592","https://openalex.org/W3126181281","https://openalex.org/W3127924095","https://openalex.org/W3142348814","https://openalex.org/W3144206916","https://openalex.org/W3146206930","https://openalex.org/W3155091141","https://openalex.org/W3162112692","https://openalex.org/W3166550823","https://openalex.org/W3178048855","https://openalex.org/W3193668308","https://openalex.org/W3213042119","https://openalex.org/W3215058526","https://openalex.org/W4200120226","https://openalex.org/W4200192288","https://openalex.org/W4324030804","https://openalex.org/W4363678333","https://openalex.org/W4388486518","https://openalex.org/W4388937880","https://openalex.org/W4394911369","https://openalex.org/W4396957210","https://openalex.org/W4399022529","https://openalex.org/W4399199182","https://openalex.org/W4399202575","https://openalex.org/W4400230842","https://openalex.org/W4400877277","https://openalex.org/W4405825408","https://openalex.org/W4406657960","https://openalex.org/W4410992135","https://openalex.org/W4411232156","https://openalex.org/W4412046131"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,78],"present":[1,129],"research":[2,189],"proposes":[3],"a":[4,14,19,27,44,81,160,180],"highly":[5],"precise":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8,131,168,186],"detecting":[9],"toxic":[10,65,170],"comments":[11,58],"in":[12,69,163,190],"Assamese,":[13],"low-resource":[15,28],"language":[16],"that":[17,87],"is":[18],"member":[20],"of":[21,46,53,75,146],"the":[22,73,125],"Eastern":[23],"Indo-Aryan":[24],"family.":[25],"As":[26],"language,":[29],"Assamese":[30,55,132,169],"encounters":[31],"specific":[32],"challenges":[33],"such":[34],"dialectal":[35],"differences,":[36],"incorrect":[37],"spellings,":[38],"frequent":[39],"code-mixing":[40],"with":[41,48],"English,":[42],"and":[43,61,66,97,108,115,121,133,141,165,176,183],"lack":[45,74],"resources":[47],"annotations.":[49],"A":[50,101],"custom-built":[51],"dataset":[52],"100,000":[54],"social":[56],"media":[57],"was":[59,111],"gathered":[60],"split":[62],"equally":[63],"between":[64],"non-toxic":[67],"categories":[68],"order":[70],"to":[71,113],"solve":[72],"labelled":[76],"data.":[77],"article":[79],"presents":[80],"multi-layer":[82],"hybrid":[83,118],"deep":[84],"learning":[85],"model":[86,127],"integrates":[88],"multi-scale":[89],"Convolutional":[90],"Neural":[91],"Networks":[92],"(CNN),":[93],"bidirectional":[94,98],"LSTM":[95],"(BiLSTM),":[96],"GRU":[99],"(BiGRU).":[100],"thorough":[102],"grid":[103],"search":[104],"utilising":[105],"several":[106],"optimisers":[107],"activation":[109],"functions":[110],"used":[112],"create":[114],"optimise":[116],"two":[117],"architectures:":[119],"CNN-BiLSTM-BiGRU":[120,126],"BiGRU-BiLSTM-CNN.":[122],"Among":[123],"them,":[124],"outperformed":[128],"approaches":[130],"other":[134,191],"structurally":[135],"related":[136],"languages,":[137],"reaching":[138],"94.25%":[139],"accuracy":[140],"an":[142],"F<sub":[143],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[144],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sub>-score":[145],"0.93%.":[147],"This":[148],"work":[149],"not":[150],"only":[151],"produces":[152],"strong":[153],"analytical":[154],"findings,":[155],"but":[156],"it":[157],"also":[158],"makes":[159],"novel":[161],"contribution":[162],"developing":[164],"evaluating":[166],"models":[167],"comment":[171],"detection":[172],"under":[173,192],"real-world":[174],"linguistic":[175],"resource":[177],"constraints,":[178],"providing":[179],"solid":[181],"foundation":[182],"valuable":[184],"insights":[185],"furthering":[187],"NLP":[188],"resourced":[193],"languages.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}