{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414321998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517","title":"Enhancing GNSS Localization in Urban Canyons With a Hybrid CNN-Autoencoder Approach to LOS/NLOS Classification","display_name":"Enhancing GNSS Localization in Urban Canyons With a Hybrid CNN-Autoencoder Approach to LOS/NLOS Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414321998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3611517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056518161","display_name":"Salem Titouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Titouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-5612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116065616","display_name":"Idris Messaoudene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1171-7359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Messaoudene","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1171-7359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037331113","display_name":"Yassine Himeur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-5587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Himeur","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-5587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059506565","display_name":"Diana W. Dawoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. W. Dawoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007741904","display_name":"Massinissa Belazzoug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5300-6471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Belazzoug","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5300-6471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056014431","display_name":"Boualem Hammache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-2156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Hammache","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-2156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015875958","display_name":"Farouk Chetouah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-0895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Chetouah","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-0895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003417758","display_name":"Shadi Atalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Atalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-9243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081414719","display_name":"Wathiq Mansoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Mansoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.9786,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97017871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"164426","last_page":"164441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9228000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.680400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.646399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6025000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.535099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3952000141143799}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.680400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.646399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6025000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5949000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.535099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44210515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16968978","display_name":"Bespoke","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3611517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c130fd81821349f79148c069b7e90ebe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c130fd81821349f79148c069b7e90ebe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 164426-164441 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3611517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3611517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2622263808","https://openalex.org/W2763636385","https://openalex.org/W2922305076","https://openalex.org/W3026491094","https://openalex.org/W3205114100","https://openalex.org/W4388654058","https://openalex.org/W4391041455","https://openalex.org/W4391215952","https://openalex.org/W4391805712","https://openalex.org/W4392159990","https://openalex.org/W4392653950","https://openalex.org/W4393140125","https://openalex.org/W4394962686","https://openalex.org/W4396728752","https://openalex.org/W4398170531","https://openalex.org/W4400121331","https://openalex.org/W4400314594","https://openalex.org/W4401878920","https://openalex.org/W4402584053","https://openalex.org/W4402938897","https://openalex.org/W4404132893","https://openalex.org/W4404618184","https://openalex.org/W4405746908","https://openalex.org/W4406857423","https://openalex.org/W4406946955","https://openalex.org/W4407120795"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-Line-of-Sight":[0],"(NLOS)":[1],"reception":[2],"is":[3,29,96,122,191],"acknowledged":[4],"as":[5,65,238],"a":[6,51,103,178,195],"primary":[7],"source":[8],"of":[9,182,189,201,223],"positioning":[10],"error":[11],"in":[12,46,138,212],"Global":[13],"Navigation":[14],"Satellite":[15],"System":[16],"(GNSS)":[17],"applications,":[18],"particularly":[19],"within":[20],"dense":[21],"urban":[22,136,235],"settings.":[23],"When":[24],"the":[25,40,127,158,174,219,224],"direct":[26],"satellite":[27],"path":[28],"obstructed":[30],"by":[31],"buildings":[32],"and":[33,50,88,124,141,151,161,198,221,243],"other":[34],"structures,":[35],"receivers":[36],"must":[37],"depend":[38,76],"on":[39,57,77],"reflected":[41],"signals.":[42],"This":[43],"reliance":[44],"results":[45,172],"significant":[47],"pseudorange":[48],"biases":[49],"diminished":[52],"localization":[53],"accuracy.":[54],"Methods":[55],"based":[56],"learning":[58,93,163],"have":[59],"been":[60,168],"developed":[61],"to":[62,98,111],"classify":[63],"signals":[64,206],"Line-of-Sight":[66],"(LOS)":[67],"or":[68,82],"NLOS":[69,205],"using":[70,126],"signal":[71,114],"features;":[72],"however,":[73],"many":[74],"approaches":[75],"external":[78],"sensors,":[79],"heuristic":[80],"thresholds,":[81],"hand-crafted":[83],"features,":[84],"restricting":[85],"their":[86],"scalability":[87],"adaptability.":[89],"A":[90],"hybrid":[91],"deep":[92],"(DL)":[94],"framework":[95],"proposed":[97,175,225],"address":[99],"these":[100],"constraints,":[101],"integrating":[102],"Convolutional":[104],"Neural":[105],"Network":[106],"(CNN)":[107],"with":[108,154,194,210],"an":[109,187],"Autoencoder":[110],"improve":[112],"LOS/NLOS":[113],"classification":[115,180],"utilizing":[116],"raw":[117],"GNSS":[118],"measurements.":[119],"The":[120,143],"model":[121],"trained":[123],"evaluated":[125],"UrbanNav":[128],"dataset,":[129],"which":[130],"offers":[131],"dual-frequency":[132],"multi-GNSS":[133],"observations":[134],"from":[135],"canyons":[137],"Hong":[139],"Kong":[140],"Tokyo.":[142],"training":[144],"process":[145],"encompasses":[146],"feature":[147],"normalization,":[148],"class":[149],"balance,":[150],"structured":[152],"learning,":[153],"optimization":[155],"conducted":[156],"through":[157,170],"Adam":[159],"optimizer":[160],"dynamic":[162],"rate":[164],"scheduling.":[165],"It":[166],"has":[167],"demonstrated":[169],"experimental":[171],"that":[173],"approach":[176],"achieves":[177],"global":[179],"accuracy":[181,188],"99.90%.":[183],"For":[184],"LOS":[185],"signals,":[186],"99.95%":[190],"recorded,":[192],"along":[193],"precision,":[196],"recall,":[197],"F1":[199],"score":[200],"100%.":[202],"In":[203],"contrast,":[204],"are":[207],"accurately":[208],"captured":[209],"100%":[211],"all":[213],"evaluation":[214],"criteria.":[215],"These":[216],"outcomes":[217],"highlight":[218],"robustness":[220],"precision":[222],"method,":[226],"rendering":[227],"it":[228],"highly":[229],"suitable":[230],"for":[231],"applications":[232],"necessitating":[233],"reliable":[234],"positioning,":[236],"such":[237],"autonomous":[239],"driving,":[240],"UAV":[241],"localization,":[242],"pedestrian":[244],"navigation.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
