{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7081946793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485","title":"Optimization of a Double-Layer Flared-Shaped IPMSM for Torque Ripple Reduction","display_name":"Optimization of a Double-Layer Flared-Shaped IPMSM for Torque Ripple Reduction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7081946793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin-Hee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1131-2907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Hee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic System Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1131-2907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic System Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keun-Young Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199143407","display_name":"Sunchon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/043jqrs76","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keun-Young Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-5072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199143407"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Byung-Il Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Il Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic System Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-3106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic System Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87340519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"165999","last_page":"166011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6983000040054321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6983000040054321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14311","display_name":"Electrical and Electromagnetic Research","score":0.016499999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7893000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-ripple","display_name":"Torque ripple","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.6802999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stall-torque","display_name":"Stall torque","score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damping-torque","display_name":"Damping torque","score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cogging-torque","display_name":"Cogging torque","score":0.47699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7893000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779675184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826797","display_name":"Torque ripple","level":5,"score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.6802999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17348537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7597300","display_name":"Stall torque","level":5,"score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40226289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5212950","display_name":"Damping torque","level":5,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776830253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549712","display_name":"Cogging torque","level":3,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12090584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4107232","display_name":"Switched reluctance motor","level":3,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167649995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384099","display_name":"Torque limiter","level":3,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131770355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876215","display_name":"Harmonic analysis","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197993065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863390","display_name":"Magnetic reluctance","level":3,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90172651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142883","display_name":"Reluctance motor","level":4,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155343825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4374882","display_name":"Flux linkage","level":5,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Synchronous motor","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201320609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274420","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous generator","level":3,"score":0.2678999900817871}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ab2b715465b242d7a1572aa5e5ff59b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ab2b715465b242d7a1572aa5e5ff59b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 165999-166011 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578951151","https://openalex.org/W1967614995","https://openalex.org/W1968380635","https://openalex.org/W2007320673","https://openalex.org/W2008334523","https://openalex.org/W2009306937","https://openalex.org/W2046252414","https://openalex.org/W2058856974","https://openalex.org/W2079348325","https://openalex.org/W2087305686","https://openalex.org/W2094321107","https://openalex.org/W2114657225","https://openalex.org/W2118850121","https://openalex.org/W2123385710","https://openalex.org/W2124209639","https://openalex.org/W2134336983","https://openalex.org/W2144161575","https://openalex.org/W2147837759","https://openalex.org/W2163341122","https://openalex.org/W2344242761","https://openalex.org/W2398958241","https://openalex.org/W2540651982","https://openalex.org/W2570278483","https://openalex.org/W2613905034","https://openalex.org/W2616458372","https://openalex.org/W2821896370","https://openalex.org/W2997621033","https://openalex.org/W3017737660","https://openalex.org/W4205521158","https://openalex.org/W4206966825","https://openalex.org/W4226391485","https://openalex.org/W4285186473","https://openalex.org/W4288773713","https://openalex.org/W4310449532","https://openalex.org/W4312466382","https://openalex.org/W4313306308","https://openalex.org/W4313887406","https://openalex.org/W4382999035","https://openalex.org/W4392399423","https://openalex.org/W4400770690","https://openalex.org/W4400907782","https://openalex.org/W4404952547","https://openalex.org/W4406047493"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interior":[0],"permanent":[1,25],"magnet":[2],"synchronous":[3],"motors":[4],"(IPMSMs)":[5],"offer":[6],"high":[7,265],"torque":[8,40,43,65,91,148,152,160,171,220,266],"density.":[9],"However,":[10],"they":[11],"are":[12],"expensive":[13],"owing":[14],"to":[15,95,174,187,213,236,252],"the":[16,68,87,104,110,114,142,145,158,167,215,223,227,233,238,241],"rising":[17],"prices":[18],"of":[19,97,113,169,226,240],"rare":[20,260],"earth":[21,261],"elements":[22],"used":[23],"in":[24,58],"magnets":[26],"(PMs).":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,59,71,98,202,207,249],"double-layer":[32,72],"flared-shaped":[33,100],"IPMSM":[34,101,126,131],"(DF-IPMSM)":[35],"that":[36,86,141],"achieves":[37,50,89,144],"equivalent":[38,94,150],"output":[39,90,151],"and":[41,62,82,92,128,153,177,200,268],"reduced":[42,105],"ripple,":[44],"while":[45,263],"minimizing":[46,219],"PM":[47,73,106],"usage.":[48,107],"It":[49],"flux":[51],"concentration":[52],"using":[53,195],"C-type":[54],"ferrite":[55],"PMs":[56,262],"arranged":[57],"flared":[60],"configuration":[61],"enhances":[63],"reluctance":[64,147,159],"by":[66,255],"increasing":[67,170],"difference":[69],"between$L_{d}$and$L_{q}$using":[70],"arrangement.":[74],"Finite":[75],"element":[76],"analysis":[77],"(FEA)":[78],"under":[79,133],"rated":[80,134],"load":[81,135],"drive":[83],"conditions":[84],"demonstrates":[85],"DF-IPMSM":[88,143,156,246],"efficiency":[93],"those":[96],"single-layer":[99],"(SF-IPMSM)":[102],"despite":[103],"To":[108],"verify":[109,237],"structural":[111],"advantages":[112],"DF-IPMSM,":[115],"it":[116,165],"was":[117,211],"compared":[118,231],"with":[119,232],"three":[120],"alternatives,":[121],"namely,":[122],"SF-IPMSM,":[123,164],"double-bar":[124],"type":[125,130],"(DB-IPMSM),":[127],"double-spoke":[129],"(DS-IPMSM),":[132],"conditions.":[136],"The":[137,244],"FEA":[138,224],"results":[139,225],"indicated":[140],"highest":[146],"at":[149],"efficiency.":[154,269],"Although":[155],"utilizes":[157],"more":[161],"effectively":[162],"than":[163],"has":[166],"disadvantage":[168],"ripple":[172],"due":[173],"magnetic":[175],"saturation":[176],"harmonic":[178],"distortion.":[179],"We":[180],"performed":[181],"an":[182],"optimization":[183],"rotor":[184],"geometry":[185],"design":[186,247],"improve":[188],"this":[189],"drawback.":[190],"Sample":[191],"points":[192],"were":[193,230],"generated":[194],"Latin":[196],"Hypercube":[197],"Sampling":[198],"(LHS)":[199],"constructed":[201],"Kriging-based":[203],"surrogate":[204],"model.":[205],"Subsequently,":[206],"genetic":[208],"algorithm":[209],"(GA)":[210],"employed":[212],"determine":[214],"optimal":[216],"values":[217],"for":[218],"ripple.":[221],"Finally,":[222],"optimized":[228],"model":[229],"prototype":[234],"measurements":[235],"validity":[239],"proposed":[242,245],"DF-IPMSM.":[243],"offers":[248],"cost-effective":[250],"alternative":[251],"conventional":[253],"IPMSMs":[254],"significantly":[256],"reducing":[257],"reliance":[258],"on":[259],"maintaining":[264],"performance":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}