{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7081914726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472","title":"QARR-QGF: A Dual-Module Data Augmentation Framework for Enhanced Few-Shot Question Answering","display_name":"QARR-QGF: A Dual-Module Data Augmentation Framework for Enhanced Few-Shot Question Answering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7081914726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Siao Wah Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5016-1429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siao Wah Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5016-1429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chin Poo Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin Poo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kian Ming Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-7978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kian Ming Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-7978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ali Alqahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alqahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5653092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"160722","last_page":"160736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6845999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6845999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.016899999231100082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.850600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4189999997615814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.850600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8478000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec2a3d34af544e888c546bdc80cfd495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec2a3d34af544e888c546bdc80cfd495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 160722-160736 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3609472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3609472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3306403797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/314/45","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W3176119108","https://openalex.org/W3198507920","https://openalex.org/W4253028564","https://openalex.org/W4327928013","https://openalex.org/W4365395074","https://openalex.org/W4389518901","https://openalex.org/W4399593972","https://openalex.org/W4402667018","https://openalex.org/W4403936934","https://openalex.org/W4410421607"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Few-shot":[0],"question":[1],"answering":[2],"(QA)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,20,23,46,63,80],"train":[6],"effective":[7],"QA":[8,160],"models":[9],"using":[10,89],"very":[11],"limited":[12],"annotated":[13],"data,":[14],"but":[15],"existing":[16],"approaches":[17],"often":[18],"struggle":[19],"generalize":[21],"due":[22],"insufficient":[24],"training":[25,83,168],"examples.":[26,67],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"proposes":[29],"a":[30],"two-stage":[31],"data":[32,55],"augmentation":[33],"framework,":[34],"called":[35],"Question-Answer":[36],"Replacement":[37],"and":[38,40,43,59,76,98,104,119,137,165],"Removal":[39],"Question":[41],"Generation":[42],"Filtering":[44],"(QARR-QGF),":[45],"address":[47],"this":[48],"challenge.":[49],"The":[50,85],"QARR":[51],"module":[52,72],"enhances":[53],"pretraining":[54],"by":[56,162],"systematically":[57],"replacing":[58],"removing":[60],"question-answer":[61],"pairs":[62],"create":[64],"more":[65,166],"diverse":[66,167],"During":[68],"fine-tuning,":[69],"the":[70,101,124,143,153],"QGF":[71],"generates":[73],"paraphrased":[74],"questions":[75],"applies":[77],"semantic":[78],"filtering":[79],"retain":[81],"high-quality":[82],"samples.":[84],"framework":[86],"is":[87],"evaluated":[88],"three":[90],"widely":[91],"used":[92],"generative":[93],"models:":[94],"Longformer-Encoder-Decoder":[95],"(LED),":[96],"BART,":[97],"T5,":[99],"on":[100,132,135,139],"SQuAD,":[102,133],"HotpotQA,":[103,136],"Natural":[105,140],"Questions":[106,141],"datasets.":[107],"Experimental":[108],"results":[109,151],"show":[110],"that":[111],"QARR-QGF":[112,156],"consistently":[113],"improves":[114],"performance":[115,161],"across":[116],"all":[117],"datasets":[118],"few-shot":[120,159],"settings.":[121],"For":[122],"example,":[123],"QARR-QGF-T5":[125],"model":[126],"achieves":[127],"F1":[128],"scores":[129],"of":[130,155],"82.3%":[131],"59.9%":[134],"59.0%":[138],"in":[142,157],"16-shot":[144],"setting,":[145],"outperforming":[146],"previous":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"methods.":[149],"These":[150],"demonstrate":[152],"effectiveness":[154],"improving":[158],"generating":[163],"richer":[164],"data.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}