{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414153646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800","title":"Multi-Resolution Region Merging (MRRM): A Novel Post-Processing Framework to Mitigate Fragmentation in SAM-Based Geospatial Segmentation of Rural Buildings","display_name":"Multi-Resolution Region Merging (MRRM): A Novel Post-Processing Framework to Mitigate Fragmentation in SAM-Based Geospatial Segmentation of Rural Buildings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414153646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3608800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071402127","display_name":"Muhammad Ihsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-1234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134635517","display_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00apj8t60","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ihsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral Program in Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","Doctoral Program in Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-1234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral Program in Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral Program in Geodesy and Geomatic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005132838","display_name":"Deni Suwardhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-2253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134635517","display_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00apj8t60","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deni Suwardhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-2253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049371687","display_name":"E. Widyaningrum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166073570","display_name":"Binus University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmf4s77","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166073570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146248","display_name":"Universitas Balikpapan","ror":"https://ror.org/05dj31k33","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146248"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elyta Widyaningrum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nusantara Capital City Authority, Balikpapan, Indonesia","Nusantara Capital City Authority, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nusantara Capital City Authority, Balikpapan, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nusantara Capital City Authority, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166073570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067511989","display_name":"Irwan Meilano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-9154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134635517","display_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00apj8t60","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irwan Meilano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Systems and Cadastre Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119603608","display_name":"Nabila S. Amelia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130218214","display_name":"Indonesia University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabila S. Amelia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geographic Information Science Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia","Geographic Information Science Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6878-5747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Information Science Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Information Science Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071402127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134635517"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27733044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"186424","last_page":"186434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.7649000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.7383000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragmentation","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.41029998660087585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.7383000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3608800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad9d74c4ec7449ba97ae103d609efd52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad9d74c4ec7449ba97ae103d609efd52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 186424-186434 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3608800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3608800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3614883511","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LOG-18900/LPDP.3/2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","funder_display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367313141","https://openalex.org/W4283374591","https://openalex.org/W2004086023","https://openalex.org/W2733999579","https://openalex.org/W2110217573","https://openalex.org/W2910751785","https://openalex.org/W4390100400","https://openalex.org/W4366547507","https://openalex.org/W4362512700","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"building":[1,76,160],"footprint":[2],"extraction":[3],"from":[4,83],"high-resolution":[5],"imagery":[6],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"for":[9,51,90,98,203],"rural":[10,34,111,205],"infrastructure":[11],"planning,":[12],"disaster":[13],"response,":[14],"and":[15,93,158,178,193],"supporting":[16],"United":[17],"Nations":[18],"Sustainable":[19],"Development":[20],"Goals.":[21],"However,":[22],"applying":[23],"state-of-the-art":[24],"foundation":[25],"models":[26],"like":[27],"the":[28,57,174],"Segment":[29],"Anything":[30],"Model":[31],"(SAM)":[32],"to":[33,145,153],"contexts":[35],"produces":[36],"severely":[37],"fragmented":[38,70],"outputs,":[39],"with":[40,195],"single":[41],"buildings":[42],"often":[43],"split":[44],"into":[45,73],"multiple":[46],"segments,":[47],"rendering":[48],"them":[49],"unsuitable":[50],"operational":[52],"mapping.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"introduces":[56],"Multi-Resolution":[58],"Region":[59],"Merging":[60],"(MRRM)":[61],"framework,":[62],"a":[63,101],"novel":[64],"training-free":[65,191],"post-processing":[66,167],"approach":[67],"that":[68,124],"transforms":[69],"SAM":[71],"outputs":[72],"cartographically":[74],"accurate":[75],"footprints.":[77],"MRRM":[78],"uniquely":[79],"leverages":[80],"complementary":[81],"information":[82],"two":[84],"spatial":[85,128],"resolutions\u2014detailed":[86],"10":[87],"cm":[88,96,117],"segmentation":[89,149],"geometric":[91],"precision":[92],"generalized":[94],"25":[95],"boundaries":[97],"object":[99],"coherence\u2014through":[100],"systematic":[102],"region":[103],"merging":[104],"strategy.":[105],"Systematic":[106],"parameter":[107],"optimization":[108],"across":[109,136],"Indonesian":[110],"settlements":[112],"identified":[113],"optimal":[114],"configurations":[115],"(60":[116],"buffer":[118],"distance,":[119],"0.1":[120],"m":[121],"simplification":[122],"tolerance)":[123],"achieved":[125],"consistently":[126],"high":[127],"accuracy":[129,150],"(mean":[130],"IoU":[131,176],">":[132],"0.83).":[133],"Stratified":[134],"evaluation":[135],"nine":[137],"morphological":[138],"categories":[139],"demonstrated":[140],"substantial":[141],"fragmentation":[142],"reduction":[143],"(up":[144],"50.2%)":[146],"while":[147,185],"improving":[148],"(\u0394IoU":[151],"up":[152],"0.0478),":[154],"particularly":[155,208],"in":[156,209],"dense":[157],"semi-regular":[159],"configurations.":[161],"Comparative":[162],"analysis":[163],"against":[164],"four":[165],"established":[166],"methods":[168,215],"revealed":[169],"MRRM's":[170],"superior":[171],"performance,":[172],"achieving":[173],"highest":[175],"(95.9%)":[177],"lowest":[179],"shape":[180],"distortion":[181],"(SCD":[182],"=":[183],"1.5%)":[184],"maintaining":[186],"computational":[187],"efficiency.":[188],"The":[189],"framework's":[190],"nature":[192],"compatibility":[194],"existing":[196],"GIS":[197],"workflows":[198],"make":[199],"it":[200],"immediately":[201],"deployable":[202],"large-scale":[204],"mapping":[206],"initiatives,":[207],"data-scarce":[210],"regions":[211],"where":[212],"traditional":[213],"supervised":[214],"are":[216],"infeasible.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}