{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414165827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715","title":"Design and Experimental Validation of Modular Autonomous Driving Platform for Off-Road 8 \u00d7 4 Trucks in Agricultural Operation","display_name":"Design and Experimental Validation of Modular Autonomous Driving Platform for Off-Road 8 \u00d7 4 Trucks in Agricultural Operation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414165827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017873044","display_name":"Nouriandres Liborio Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139221136","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio FEI","ror":"https://ror.org/007kf5222","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouriandres Liborio Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2134-1619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061676326","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 de Souza Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-7390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139221136","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio FEI","ror":"https://ror.org/007kf5222","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-7390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025184213","display_name":"Fabrizio Leonardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8056-7645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139221136","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio FEI","ror":"https://ror.org/007kf5222","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Leonardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8056-7645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046703372","display_name":"Cirilo de Paula Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096134","display_name":"Universidade Politecnica","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnfjj44","country_code":"MZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]}],"countries":["MZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cirilo De Paula Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","Escola Politecnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8258-5018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politecnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081712661","display_name":"Edson C. Kitani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118874","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Santo Andr\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02pj7we23","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118874"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143330","display_name":"Faculdade de Medicina do ABC","ror":"https://ror.org/047s7ag77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166216","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do ABC","ror":"https://ror.org/05s768n96","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166216"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edson Caoru Kitani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fatec Santo André, Santo André, Brazil","FATEC Santo Andre, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0631-9296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fatec Santo André, Santo André, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FATEC Santo Andre, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118874","https://openalex.org/I4210143330","https://openalex.org/I4210166216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028297220","display_name":"Leopoldo Rideki Yoshioka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-1237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096134","display_name":"Universidade Politecnica","ror":"https://ror.org/00tnfjj44","country_code":"MZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]}],"countries":["MZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leopoldo Rideki Yoshioka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","Escola Politecnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-1237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Politecnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096134"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016841790","display_name":"Renato Giacomini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-2649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139221136","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio FEI","ror":"https://ror.org/007kf5222","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Camargo Giacomini","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-2649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEI University Center, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139221136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62224092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"158660","last_page":"158678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.8988999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.8988999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.678600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.6294999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jerk","display_name":"Jerk","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle-avoidance","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevator","display_name":"Elevator","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.3456999957561493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.678600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.6294999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181605269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497332","display_name":"Jerk","level":3,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6683253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075535","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","level":4,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147021018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252451","display_name":"Elevator","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a6da0fec16742d8adc101d86467af96","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a6da0fec16742d8adc101d86467af96","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 158660-158678 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W2032924574","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W2165558283","https://openalex.org/W2343568200","https://openalex.org/W2765798687","https://openalex.org/W2792040353","https://openalex.org/W2800741184","https://openalex.org/W2892167295","https://openalex.org/W2900605128","https://openalex.org/W2947869912","https://openalex.org/W2964658936","https://openalex.org/W2972701208","https://openalex.org/W3049699643","https://openalex.org/W3092024088","https://openalex.org/W3095465476","https://openalex.org/W3176001508","https://openalex.org/W4200132059","https://openalex.org/W4221009017","https://openalex.org/W4284892716","https://openalex.org/W4291163794","https://openalex.org/W4312947590","https://openalex.org/W4319318184","https://openalex.org/W4381748192","https://openalex.org/W4385301083","https://openalex.org/W4385759708","https://openalex.org/W4387048931","https://openalex.org/W4391139563","https://openalex.org/W4392188039","https://openalex.org/W4399602094","https://openalex.org/W4399807751","https://openalex.org/W4401414023","https://openalex.org/W4401804473","https://openalex.org/W4401871950","https://openalex.org/W4405660211","https://openalex.org/W4405800249","https://openalex.org/W4406457596","https://openalex.org/W4406610389","https://openalex.org/W4406793931","https://openalex.org/W4406910089","https://openalex.org/W4407773205","https://openalex.org/W4408399652","https://openalex.org/W4408622353","https://openalex.org/W4408811734","https://openalex.org/W4408857526","https://openalex.org/W4409153427","https://openalex.org/W4409589621","https://openalex.org/W4410737956"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"and":[3,30,36,45,57,77,92,99,105,111,129,142,166,218,239,243],"experimentally":[4],"validates":[5],"an":[6,64],"autonomous":[7],"driving":[8,71],"platform":[9,60,214],"for":[10,27],"off-road$8\\times":[11],"4$heavy-duty":[12],"trucks,":[13],"aimed":[14],"at":[15,80],"sugarcane":[16],"harvesting":[17],"operations.":[18],"The":[19,59,213],"system":[20],"integrates":[21],"a":[22,32,37,42,46],"minimally":[23],"invasive":[24],"drive-by-wire":[25],"interface":[26],"throttle,":[28],"braking,":[29],"steering;":[31],"GNSS-based":[33],"localization":[34],"module;":[35],"lightweight":[38],"perception":[39],"suite":[40],"comprising":[41],"2D":[43],"LiDAR":[44],"monocular":[47],"camera.":[48],"A":[49,83],"modular":[50],"ROS2-based":[51],"architecture":[52],"supports":[53],"real-time":[54,219],"perception,":[55],"planning,":[56],"control.":[58],"was":[61,87],"tested":[62],"on":[63,232],"off-road":[65,225],"track":[66],"in":[67,126,134,184,201,221,249],"Brazil":[68],"across":[69],"eight":[70],"scenarios,":[72],"including":[73],"straight":[74,127],"paths,":[75],"curves,":[76],"obstacle":[78,112,143,161],"avoidance":[79],"varying":[81],"speeds.":[82],"spatial":[84],"evaluation":[85],"framework":[86],"implemented":[88],"using":[89],"arc-length":[90],"reparameterization":[91],"KD-Tree":[93],"nearest-neighbor":[94],"matching":[95],"to":[96,149,246],"compare":[97],"actual":[98],"reference":[100],"trajectories.":[101],"Metrics":[102],"included":[103],"lateral":[104,118,202],"heading":[106,156,177],"RMSE,":[107],"IAE,":[108],"ITAE,":[109],"jerk,":[110],"clearance.":[113],"Results":[114],"showed":[115],"consistent":[116],"high":[117],"tracking":[119,217],"accuracy,":[120],"with":[121],"RMSE":[122,157],"reaching":[123],"0.15":[124],"m":[125,133],"segments":[128],"remaining":[130],"below":[131,159,168],"1.0":[132],"most":[135],"complex":[136],"scenarios.":[137],"Scenario":[138,197],"T8,":[139],"involving":[140],"curvature":[141],"deviation,":[144],"surpassed":[145],"this":[146],"threshold":[147],"due":[148],"increased":[150,192],"control":[151],"demands.":[152],"Across":[153],"40":[154],"runs,":[155],"remained":[158],"10\u00b0,":[160],"clearance":[162],"above":[163],"1.5":[164],"m,":[165],"jerk":[167],"0.5":[169],"m/s3.":[170],"Geometrically":[171],"modeled":[172],"references":[173],"yielded":[174],"more":[175],"stable":[176],"control,":[178],"while":[179],"manually":[180],"recorded":[181],"paths":[182],"resulted":[183],"smoother":[185],"dynamic":[186],"profiles.":[187],"Statistical":[188],"analysis":[189],"confirmed":[190],"that":[191],"trajectory":[193],"complexity":[194],"degrades":[195],"performance.":[196],"T6":[198],"outperformed":[199],"others":[200],"stability,":[203],"though":[204],"results":[205],"were":[206],"statistically":[207],"like":[208],"T1":[209],"under":[210],"simpler":[211],"conditions.":[212],"demonstrated":[215],"reliable":[216],"operation":[220],"scenarios":[222],"representative":[223],"of":[224],"agricultural":[226,250],"tasks.":[227],"Future":[228],"work":[229],"will":[230],"focus":[231],"mitigating":[233],"GNSS":[234],"latency,":[235],"improving":[236],"post-obstacle":[237],"recovery,":[238],"integrating":[240],"sensor":[241],"redundancy":[242],"adaptive":[244],"planning":[245],"enhance":[247],"deployment":[248],"logistics.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-09-16T00:00:00"}