{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414054189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383","title":"Event Detection and Classification for Long Range Sensing of Elephants Using Seismic Signals","display_name":"Event Detection and Classification for Long Range Sensing of Elephants Using Seismic Signals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414054189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093272642","display_name":"Jaliya L. Wijayaraja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5988-1429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192365124","display_name":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhk4582","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaliya L. Wijayaraja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, New Kandy Rd, Malabe, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5988-1429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, New Kandy Rd, Malabe, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043165757","display_name":"Janaka Wijekoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-3366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107656453","display_name":"South Australia Pathology","ror":"https://ror.org/01kvtm035","country_code":"AU","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107656453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802824154","display_name":"Victorian Institute of Teaching","ror":"https://ror.org/03qe98b42","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802824154"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janaka L. Wijekoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victorian Institute of Technology, Adelaide Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia","Victorian Institute of Technology, Adelaide Campus, South Australia, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-3366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victorian Institute of Technology, Adelaide Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107656453","https://openalex.org/I2802824154"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victorian Institute of Technology, Adelaide Campus, South Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802824154"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013083012","display_name":"Malitha Wijesundara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-2953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192365124","display_name":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhk4582","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malitha Wijesundara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, New Kandy Rd, Malabe, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2761-4399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, New Kandy Rd, Malabe, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19531242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"158366","last_page":"158384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9546999931335449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6251000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.39579999446868896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6251000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5250999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776879701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25048660","display_name":"Multiple kernel learning","level":4,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98856871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588488","display_name":"Radial basis function","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.02920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02920","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.02920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8146076c39c740ae8cd5fc4bd40ab1f5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8146076c39c740ae8cd5fc4bd40ab1f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 158366-158384 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3607383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3607383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507964724","https://openalex.org/W1516186095","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1973207880","https://openalex.org/W1985454215","https://openalex.org/W2075483674","https://openalex.org/W2078200029","https://openalex.org/W2084310766","https://openalex.org/W2129888542","https://openalex.org/W2161629484","https://openalex.org/W2163035702","https://openalex.org/W2170925412","https://openalex.org/W2276145813","https://openalex.org/W2591535577","https://openalex.org/W2626917068","https://openalex.org/W2732461845","https://openalex.org/W2769345353","https://openalex.org/W2787385857","https://openalex.org/W2891470764","https://openalex.org/W2909606515","https://openalex.org/W2966508064","https://openalex.org/W2997604048","https://openalex.org/W2999207022","https://openalex.org/W3006057109","https://openalex.org/W3013954656","https://openalex.org/W3111538801","https://openalex.org/W3117469905","https://openalex.org/W3126468570","https://openalex.org/W3135085605","https://openalex.org/W3166536336","https://openalex.org/W3169575218","https://openalex.org/W3214404251","https://openalex.org/W4206063326","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4214550601","https://openalex.org/W4220767266","https://openalex.org/W4285303301","https://openalex.org/W4285816596","https://openalex.org/W4309995318","https://openalex.org/W4361273929","https://openalex.org/W4362498676","https://openalex.org/W4375930488","https://openalex.org/W4381786596","https://openalex.org/W4384943519","https://openalex.org/W4386883395","https://openalex.org/W4391019757","https://openalex.org/W4396982367","https://openalex.org/W4401113601","https://openalex.org/W4401536866","https://openalex.org/W4403331772","https://openalex.org/W4404862321","https://openalex.org/W4405780786","https://openalex.org/W4406217740","https://openalex.org/W4407142806","https://openalex.org/W4407165033","https://openalex.org/W4408537683","https://openalex.org/W4408848935","https://openalex.org/W4409623475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W1983126463","https://openalex.org/W2085738998","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"elephants":[1],"through":[2],"seismic":[3],"signals":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6,148],"emerging":[7],"research":[8],"topic":[9],"aimed":[10],"at":[11],"developing":[12],"solutions":[13,23],"for":[14,36,84],"Human-Elephant":[15],"Conflict":[16],"(HEC).":[17],"Despite":[18],"the":[19,98,109,166,178,191],"promising":[20],"results,":[21],"such":[22],"heavily":[24],"rely":[25],"on":[26,48],"manual":[27],"classification":[28,38,56,128],"of":[29,69,150,180],"elephant":[30,86,158],"footfalls,":[31,87],"which":[32],"limits":[33],"their":[34],"applicability":[35],"real-time":[37],"in":[39,117,123,152,156,162,195,204],"natural":[40,124,157],"settings.":[41,206],"To":[42],"address":[43],"this":[44,52,70],"limitation":[45],"and":[46,64,90,120,160,183],"build":[47],"our":[49],"previous":[50],"work,":[51],"study":[53],"introduces":[54],"a":[55,72,135],"framework":[57],"targeting":[58],"resource-constrained":[59],"implementations,":[60],"prioritizing":[61],"both":[62],"accuracy":[63,149],"computational":[65],"efficiency.":[66],"As":[67],"part":[68],"framework,":[71],"novel":[73],"event":[74],"detection":[75,112],"technique":[76],"named":[77],"Contextually":[78],"Customized":[79],"Windowing":[80],"(CCW),":[81],"tailored":[82],"specifically":[83],"detecting":[85],"was":[88,114],"introduced,":[89],"evaluations":[91],"were":[92],"conducted":[93],"by":[94],"comparing":[95],"it":[96],"with":[97,134],"Short-Term":[99],"Average/Long-Term":[100],"Average":[101],"(STA/LTA)":[102],"method.":[103],"The":[104],"yielded":[105],"results":[106],"show":[107],"that":[108],"maximum":[110],"validated":[111],"range":[113],"155.6":[115],"m":[116,122],"controlled":[118,153,205],"conditions":[119],"140":[121],"environments.":[125],"Elephant":[126],"footfall":[127],"using":[129,174],"Support":[130],"Vector":[131],"Machine":[132],"(SVM)":[133],"Radial":[136],"Basis":[137],"Function":[138],"(RBF)":[139],"kernel":[140],"demonstrated":[141],"superior":[142],"performance":[143],"across":[144],"multiple":[145],"settings,":[146],"achieving":[147],"99%":[151],"environments,":[154],"73%":[155],"habitats,":[159,165],"70%":[161],"HEC-prone":[163],"human":[164],"most":[167,192],"challenging":[168],"scenario.":[169],"Furthermore,":[170],"feature":[171],"impact":[172],"analysis":[173],"explainable":[175],"AI":[176],"identified":[177],"number":[179],"Zero":[181],"Crossings":[182],"Dynamic":[184],"Time":[185],"Warping":[186],"(DTW)":[187],"Alignment":[188],"Cost":[189],"as":[190],"influential":[193],"factors":[194],"all":[196],"experiments,":[197],"while":[198],"Predominant":[199],"Frequency":[200],"exhibited":[201],"significant":[202],"influence":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-09-09T00:00:00"}