{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413977920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121","title":"UAV Swarm Trajectory Design for Wireless Networks Using Genetic Algorithm-Driven Repulsion Forces","display_name":"UAV Swarm Trajectory Design for Wireless Networks Using Genetic Algorithm-Driven Repulsion Forces","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413977920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011213868","display_name":"Kaleem Arshid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["ES","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaleem Arshid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Carlos III University of Madrid, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Carlos III University of Madrid, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070163414","display_name":"Ali Krayani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-2805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Krayani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019722167","display_name":"Lucio Marcenaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-120X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Marcenaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101961834","display_name":"David Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-5083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Mart\u00edn G\u00f3mez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Carlos III University of Madrid, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Carlos III University of Madrid, Legan&#x00E9;s, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055281228","display_name":"Carlo S. Regazzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-1417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Regazzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011213868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001","https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95782223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"155657","last_page":"155674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11615","display_name":"Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.7434324026107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7022138833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6193887591362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.5402078628540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5355382561683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.4903898239135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4403858184814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4274545907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20823147892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1106688380241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10680866241455078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.7434324026107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7022138833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6193887591362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.5402078628540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5355382561683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.4903898239135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4403858184814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4274545907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20823147892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1106688380241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10680866241455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5391af7d392b45fcacd98b40561c409d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5391af7d392b45fcacd98b40561c409d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 155657-155674 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unige.iris.cineca.it:11567/1280499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1280499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926428750","https://openalex.org/W1992991445","https://openalex.org/W1999562671","https://openalex.org/W2108525724","https://openalex.org/W2963492582","https://openalex.org/W3033271745","https://openalex.org/W3134587582","https://openalex.org/W3139484821","https://openalex.org/W3141994949","https://openalex.org/W3214155505","https://openalex.org/W3217489544","https://openalex.org/W4224300633","https://openalex.org/W4225986950","https://openalex.org/W4310184852","https://openalex.org/W4316506832","https://openalex.org/W4319978025","https://openalex.org/W4320015793","https://openalex.org/W4321443982","https://openalex.org/W4324092074","https://openalex.org/W4360584287","https://openalex.org/W4361282957","https://openalex.org/W4378468938","https://openalex.org/W4383503568","https://openalex.org/W4384575254","https://openalex.org/W4385453419","https://openalex.org/W4385491026","https://openalex.org/W4385626840","https://openalex.org/W4387452700","https://openalex.org/W4390204116","https://openalex.org/W4391542568","https://openalex.org/W4392903398","https://openalex.org/W4394925993","https://openalex.org/W4399801678","https://openalex.org/W4401343280","https://openalex.org/W4403021775","https://openalex.org/W4405720301","https://openalex.org/W4406321907","https://openalex.org/W4408118535","https://openalex.org/W4410597120","https://openalex.org/W4410614057","https://openalex.org/W4411298973","https://openalex.org/W4412030377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288714711","https://openalex.org/W3200708550","https://openalex.org/W2736680465","https://openalex.org/W2771637876","https://openalex.org/W4294093918","https://openalex.org/W4240853094","https://openalex.org/W2799429316","https://openalex.org/W2161836120","https://openalex.org/W4385353603","https://openalex.org/W2946917459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicle":[2],"(UAV)":[3],"swarms":[4,14,33],"are":[5],"increasingly":[6],"recognized":[7],"for":[8,226],"their":[9],"versatility":[10],"and":[11,24,61,63,122,132,179,185,198,203,209],"affordability.":[12],"These":[13,71],"have":[15],"enhanced":[16],"various":[17],"applications,":[18],"including":[19,167],"agriculture,":[20],"surveillance,":[21],"delivery":[22],"services,":[23],"monitoring.":[25],"However,":[26],"fully":[27],"utilizing":[28],"the":[29,42,51,65,69,74,118,123,126,137,141,153,168,211,214],"capabilities":[30],"of":[31,53,68,125,156,213],"UAV":[32,81,94,157,215],"requires":[34],"addressing":[35],"challenges":[36,72],"related":[37],"to":[38,98,109,147,164],"trajectory":[39,96],"design,":[40],"particularly":[41],"Multiple":[43],"Traveling":[44],"Salesman":[45],"Problem":[46],"(MTSP).":[47],"It":[48],"involves":[49],"optimizing":[50],"paths":[52],"multiple":[54],"UAVs":[55,121],"while":[56,134],"avoiding":[57],"collisions,":[58],"minimizing":[59],"overlap":[60,133],"interference,":[62],"managing":[64],"overall":[66,154],"size":[67,124,212],"swarm.":[70,127,216],"highlight":[73],"complexities":[75],"involved":[76],"in":[77,93],"developing":[78],"high-performance,":[79],"organized":[80],"swarm":[82,95],"operations.":[83],"We":[84,159],"propose":[85],"a":[86,105,111],"novel":[87],"approach":[88,129],"based":[89],"on":[90],"repulsion":[91],"force":[92],"design":[97,148],"tackle":[99],"these":[100],"issues.":[101],"Our":[102,143],"method":[103,163,193,219],"utilizes":[104],"Genetic":[106],"Algorithm":[107],"(GA)":[108],"generate":[110],"dynamic":[112],"Repulsion":[113],"Force":[114],"(RF)":[115],"that":[116,151,190],"optimizes":[117,195],"distance":[119],"between":[120,207],"This":[128],"reduces":[130,200],"interference":[131,201],"effectively":[135,194],"navigating":[136],"limitations":[138],"posed":[139],"by":[140],"MTSP.":[142],"proposed":[144,162,192],"solution":[145],"aims":[146],"efficient":[149],"trajectories":[150],"enhance":[152],"performance":[155],"swarms.":[158],"compared":[160],"our":[161,191,218],"existing":[165],"algorithms,":[166],"MTSPGA,":[169],"Particle":[170],"Swarm":[171],"Optimization":[172],"(PSO),":[173],"2-OPT,":[174],"Ant":[175],"Colony":[176],"(AC)":[177],"Optimization,":[178],"Simulated":[180],"Annealing":[181],"(SA),":[182],"using":[183],"simulations":[184],"evaluations.":[186],"The":[187],"results":[188],"indicate":[189],"travel":[196],"distances":[197],"times,":[199],"levels":[202],"overlapping,":[204],"prevents":[205],"collisions":[206],"UAVs,":[208],"enhances":[210],"Overall,":[217],"outperforms":[220],"current":[221],"approaches,":[222],"demonstrating":[223],"its":[224],"effectiveness":[225],"UAV-based":[227],"applications.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
