{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413977907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053","title":"A Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Internet of Things","display_name":"A Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Internet of Things","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413977907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068835701","display_name":"S. A. Latif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shah Abdul Latif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002851735","display_name":"Micheal Drieberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-6780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micheal Drieberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049041496","display_name":"Sohail Sarang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-4988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Sarang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045420490","display_name":"Azrina Abd Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0972-4761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azrina Abd Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046107005","display_name":"Rizwan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030920745","display_name":"Goran M. Stojanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2098-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goran M. Stojanovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068835701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2672215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"156170","last_page":"156187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7397370338439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6804211139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.5648444890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5290079712867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.48705437779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.46197405457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.438632071018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32127657532691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27279388904571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.22722390294075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.091828852891922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06980240345001221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7397370338439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6804211139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.5648444890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5290079712867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.48705437779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.46197405457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.438632071018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32127657532691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27279388904571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22722390294075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.091828852891922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06980240345001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0400522708ff4525ac682fc7ed2d0abb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0400522708ff4525ac682fc7ed2d0abb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 156170-156187 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17683823","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3606053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 13, 156170 - 156187, (2025-09-04)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3606053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G161199386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101161032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802445735","https://openalex.org/W2919485146","https://openalex.org/W2981702893","https://openalex.org/W3001687611","https://openalex.org/W3006682505","https://openalex.org/W3013723131","https://openalex.org/W3014923271","https://openalex.org/W3088442937","https://openalex.org/W3090689527","https://openalex.org/W3090754233","https://openalex.org/W3111049781","https://openalex.org/W3125431827","https://openalex.org/W3133012203","https://openalex.org/W3135569262","https://openalex.org/W3149647141","https://openalex.org/W3153113614","https://openalex.org/W3159028135","https://openalex.org/W3159310960","https://openalex.org/W3192915853","https://openalex.org/W3193218352","https://openalex.org/W4207075683","https://openalex.org/W4213426222","https://openalex.org/W4291367375","https://openalex.org/W4293052987","https://openalex.org/W4312518100","https://openalex.org/W4316467741","https://openalex.org/W4319786175","https://openalex.org/W4320039999","https://openalex.org/W4321021855","https://openalex.org/W4360980468","https://openalex.org/W4362672763","https://openalex.org/W4382791994","https://openalex.org/W4388771120","https://openalex.org/W4390708722","https://openalex.org/W4390742860","https://openalex.org/W4390872320","https://openalex.org/W4391026828","https://openalex.org/W4391996740","https://openalex.org/W4392298629","https://openalex.org/W4392382052","https://openalex.org/W4392619858","https://openalex.org/W4393965119","https://openalex.org/W4394755367","https://openalex.org/W4399770676","https://openalex.org/W4399876663","https://openalex.org/W4400321289","https://openalex.org/W4400451107","https://openalex.org/W4400624425","https://openalex.org/W4400951930","https://openalex.org/W4402226685","https://openalex.org/W4403826892","https://openalex.org/W4404282716","https://openalex.org/W4405304339","https://openalex.org/W4405429415","https://openalex.org/W4405812200","https://openalex.org/W4405833503","https://openalex.org/W4406178070","https://openalex.org/W4408399593","https://openalex.org/W4412106119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4410295802","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W2138720691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,121,168],"Wireless":[1],"Sensor":[2],"Networks":[3],"(WSNs)":[4],"enabled":[5],"Internet":[6],"of":[7,21,185,195],"Things":[8],"(IoT)":[9],"applications":[10],"face":[11],"energy":[12,109,128,177,183,191],"efficiency":[13],"challenge":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,45,73,89,187,197,201],"the":[17,22,26,46,102,111,118,141],"limited":[18],"battery":[19],"capacity":[20],"sensor":[23],"nodes.":[24],"Hence,":[25],"network\u2019s":[27],"performance":[28,142],"often":[29],"involves":[30],"a":[31],"tradeoff":[32],"with":[33,107,145,160,179],"network":[34,48,87],"lifetime.":[35],"Traditional":[36],"medium":[37],"access":[38],"control":[39],"(MAC)":[40],"protocols":[41],"are":[42,57],"less":[43],"adaptable":[44],"dynamic":[47],"conditions.":[49],"While":[50],"existing":[51],"reinforcement":[52],"learning":[53],"(RL)":[54],"based":[55,77,100,126],"MACs":[56],"more":[58],"adaptable,":[59],"they":[60],"still":[61],"encounter":[62],"challenges":[63],"such":[64],"as":[65,110,117],"complexity":[66,91],"and":[67,92,114,130,140,152,165,189],"dimensionality.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[70],"work":[71],"aims":[72],"develop":[74],"an":[75],"RL":[76],"intelligent":[78],"Duty":[79],"cycle":[80,116],"MAC":[81],"(RiD-MAC)":[82],"protocol":[83,98,174],"that":[84,172],"incorporates":[85],"suitable":[86],"information":[88],"balance":[90],"performance,":[93],"effectively.":[94],"proposed":[96],"RiD-MAC":[97,173],"is":[99,123,133,143],"on":[101,127,135],"Q-learning":[103],"algorithm,":[104],"meticulously":[105],"designed":[106],"remaining":[108],"state":[112],"space":[113],"duty":[115],"action":[119],"space.":[120],"reward":[122],"then":[124],"formulated":[125],"consumption":[129,184,192],"throughput.":[131],"It":[132],"implemented":[134],"OMNeT++":[136],"platform-based":[137],"Castalia":[138],"simulator":[139],"compared":[144,200],"three":[146,155],"state-of-the-art":[147,202],"protocols,":[148],"including":[149],"AQSen-MAC,":[150],"rlDC-MAC":[151],"QX-MAC":[153],"under":[154],"simulation":[156,169],"scenarios,":[157],"stationary":[158],"nodes":[159],"periodic":[161],"traffic,":[162],"hybrid":[163],"traffic":[164],"node":[166],"mobility.":[167],"results":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"significantly":[175],"improves":[176],"efficiency,":[178],"reduction":[180],"in":[181],"receiver":[182,190],"up":[186,196],"21%,":[188],"per":[193],"bit":[194],"26%,":[198],"when":[199],"protocols.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}