{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413967126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819","title":"Deep Learning for Glaucoma Classification and Grading: A Comprehensive Review on Fundus Imaging Approaches","display_name":"Deep Learning for Glaucoma Classification and Grading: A Comprehensive Review on Fundus Imaging Approaches","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413967126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011144750","display_name":"Eugenia Arrieta Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8151-2654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"University of the Coast","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugenia Arrieta-Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8151-2654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032445132","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio Araque Gallardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"University of the Coast","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Araque-Gallardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-7105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034047649","display_name":"Natalia Pe\u00f1aloza Barrios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101808","display_name":"Universidad del Sin\u00fa","ror":"https://ror.org/013ys5k90","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Pe\u00f1aloza Barrios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-5061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089692871","display_name":"Oscar Luis Teheran Forero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-5438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101808","display_name":"Universidad del Sin\u00fa","ror":"https://ror.org/013ys5k90","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Luis Teher\u00e1n-Forero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-5438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060201820","display_name":"Maria Claudia Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-6482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101808","display_name":"Universidad del Sin\u00fa","ror":"https://ror.org/013ys5k90","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Claudia Bonfante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-6482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00C3; El&#x00C3;as Bechara Zain&#x00C3;m, Research Groups DEARTICA and GIOFOP, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad del Sin&#x00FA; El&#x00ED;as Bechara Zain&#x00FA;m, Cartagena, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089655758","display_name":"Emiro De-La-Hoz-Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-7414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"University of the Coast","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emiro de-la-Hoz-Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-7414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007158947","display_name":"Margarita Gamarra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-2984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margarita Gamarra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of System Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia","Department of System Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-2984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of System Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of System Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074210385","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Escorcia\u2010Gutierrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-3187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"University of the Coast","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Escorcia-Gutierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-3187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Science and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011144750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.3788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99206317,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"163699","last_page":"163730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.685173749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6733957529067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.6391423940658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5704425573348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5053894519805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4933742582798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.37792691588401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.29253825545310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.24179595708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08780917525291443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.685173749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6733957529067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.6391423940658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5704425573348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5053894519805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4933742582798004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.37792691588401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.29253825545310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24179595708847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08780917525291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ed3242957a746dd9dd5c45d77660998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ed3242957a746dd9dd5c45d77660998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 163699-163730 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5342046864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0855-937-106-267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320948","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Space"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8370164995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0855-937-106-267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321664","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Productiva"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320948","display_name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Space","ror":"https://ror.org/02heb2n75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321664","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Productiva","ror":"https://ror.org/02h503d38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1969241653","https://openalex.org/W1987621316","https://openalex.org/W2034742711","https://openalex.org/W2122170393","https://openalex.org/W2160605010","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213541252","https://openalex.org/W2402050431","https://openalex.org/W2607394097","https://openalex.org/W2782364420","https://openalex.org/W2886801379","https://openalex.org/W2897507310","https://openalex.org/W2903117925","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2944202703","https://openalex.org/W2963142663","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2979448322","https://openalex.org/W2982428510","https://openalex.org/W2990019725","https://openalex.org/W3004396616","https://openalex.org/W3019982033","https://openalex.org/W3045700869","https://openalex.org/W3082280702","https://openalex.org/W3082967565","https://openalex.org/W3092381736","https://openalex.org/W3093396211","https://openalex.org/W3094504384","https://openalex.org/W3112251966","https://openalex.org/W3119594724","https://openalex.org/W3121496953","https://openalex.org/W3124526182","https://openalex.org/W3130410809","https://openalex.org/W3136370240","https://openalex.org/W3163990245","https://openalex.org/W3165489393","https://openalex.org/W3168856731","https://openalex.org/W3170709166","https://openalex.org/W3174025757","https://openalex.org/W3174055775","https://openalex.org/W3205487281","https://openalex.org/W3211561475","https://openalex.org/W3213129577","https://openalex.org/W4200044775","https://openalex.org/W4200099081","https://openalex.org/W4200446208","https://openalex.org/W4206485229","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4221054446","https://openalex.org/W4229053302","https://openalex.org/W4281660244","https://openalex.org/W4281745953","https://openalex.org/W4283521105","https://openalex.org/W4284972641","https://openalex.org/W4286885316","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4291177921","https://openalex.org/W4294366444","https://openalex.org/W4295253595","https://openalex.org/W4303613722","https://openalex.org/W4303649515","https://openalex.org/W4306771247","https://openalex.org/W4308102080","https://openalex.org/W4308750663","https://openalex.org/W4308783435","https://openalex.org/W4310794434","https://openalex.org/W4311175269","https://openalex.org/W4311778811","https://openalex.org/W4313467066","https://openalex.org/W4313479813","https://openalex.org/W4322744855","https://openalex.org/W4324017905","https://openalex.org/W4360603819","https://openalex.org/W4361210492","https://openalex.org/W4361278486","https://openalex.org/W4379931722","https://openalex.org/W4380445884","https://openalex.org/W4380873640","https://openalex.org/W4386883061","https://openalex.org/W4387429817","https://openalex.org/W4388889410","https://openalex.org/W4389578735","https://openalex.org/W4389747974","https://openalex.org/W4390848623","https://openalex.org/W4391831282","https://openalex.org/W4393295225","https://openalex.org/W4395070975","https://openalex.org/W4395477921","https://openalex.org/W4395694368","https://openalex.org/W4396232882","https://openalex.org/W4396906923","https://openalex.org/W4399113318","https://openalex.org/W4399920331","https://openalex.org/W4400425626","https://openalex.org/W4400593879","https://openalex.org/W4401224943","https://openalex.org/W4401359875","https://openalex.org/W4401754805","https://openalex.org/W4402073539","https://openalex.org/W4402105948","https://openalex.org/W4402208640","https://openalex.org/W4403341514"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082087664","https://openalex.org/W2070104888","https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W1588461101","https://openalex.org/W4285351923","https://openalex.org/W3208525924","https://openalex.org/W4389542577","https://openalex.org/W2591833644","https://openalex.org/W2885058781","https://openalex.org/W2554284482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glaucoma":[0],"is":[1,11,25,29],"one":[2],"of":[3,7,36,76,105,115,140,325],"the":[4,33,37,73,93,124,137,313],"leading":[5],"causes":[6],"blindness":[8],"worldwide":[9],"and":[10,55,85,90,113,121,129,161,167,179,184,203,212,227,244,279,287,308],"characterized":[12],"by":[13,32],"progressive":[14],"visual":[15,345],"field":[16,346],"loss":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,45,63,70,86],"optic":[20],"nerve":[21],"damage.":[22],"Early":[23],"detection":[24,84],"fundamental,":[26],"yet":[27],"it":[28],"often":[30],"hindered":[31],"asymptomatic":[34],"nature":[35],"disease":[38,253],"in":[39,109,119,136,250,283,290],"its":[40],"initial":[41],"stages.":[42],"In":[43,173],"response":[44],"this":[46,238],"challenge,":[47],"advanced":[48,168],"techniques":[49,135,264],"such":[50],"as":[51,60],"Deep":[52,216],"Learning":[53],"(DL)":[54,218],"computer":[56],"vision":[57],"are":[58],"emerging":[59],"potential":[61,223],"tools":[62],"revolutionize":[64],"glaucoma":[65,83,142,214,229],"diagnosis.":[66],"This":[67],"article":[68],"aims":[69],"systematically":[71],"evaluate":[72],"current":[74],"state":[75],"artificial":[77],"intelligence":[78],"approaches":[79,170,219,261],"for":[80,209,224,348],"fundus":[81,233],"image-based":[82],"identify":[87],"trends,":[88],"challenges,":[89],"opportunities.":[91],"Following":[92],"PRISMA":[94],"methodology,":[95],"we":[96],"conducted":[97],"a":[98,103],"comprehensive":[99],"systematic":[100,317],"review":[101,132],"examining":[102],"total":[104],"63":[106],"publications":[107],"available":[108,118],"Scopus,":[110],"ScienceDirect,":[111],"IEEE,":[112],"Web":[114],"Science":[116],"databases,":[117],"English":[120],"published":[122],"during":[123],"study":[125,239],"period":[126],"between":[127],"2020":[128],"2024.":[130],"The":[131],"revealed":[133,319],"key":[134],"critical":[138,320],"stages":[139],"automated":[141],"detection.":[143,215],"Convolutional":[144,194],"neural":[145],"networks":[146],"dominated":[147],"recent":[148],"literature,":[149],"with":[150,255,330],"ResNet":[151],"architectures":[152,246,301],"achieving":[153],"optimal":[154],"performance":[155,249,332],"(accuracy":[156],"range:":[157],"82.37%-98.48%).":[158],"For":[159],"localization":[160],"segmentation,":[162],"U-Net":[163],"variants,":[164],"attention-guided":[165],"networks,":[166],"ensemble":[169],"were":[171],"prominent.":[172],"feature":[174],"extraction,":[175],"methods":[176],"exploiting":[177],"structural":[178],"textural":[180],"metrics,":[181],"wavelet-based":[182],"transformations,":[183],"attention":[185,242],"mechanisms":[186,243],"showed":[187],"considerable":[188],"potential.":[189],"Classification":[190],"tasks":[191],"benefited":[192],"from":[193,231,237],"Neural":[195],"Network":[196],"(CNN)":[197],"optimizations,":[198],"attention-based":[199],"architectures,":[200],"hybrid":[201,260],"models,":[202],"transformer":[204,245],"frameworks,":[205],"demonstrating":[206],"high":[207],"accuracy":[208],"both":[210,225],"binary":[211,226],"multiclass":[213,228,275],"learning":[217,272,314],"have":[220],"demonstrated":[221],"significant":[222,331],"classification":[230],"color":[232],"images.":[234],"Key":[235],"findings":[236],"include:":[240],"i)":[241],"show":[247],"superior":[248],"capturing":[251],"subtle":[252],"features,":[254],"accuracies":[256],"exceeding":[257],"95%;":[258],"ii)":[259],"combining":[262],"multiple":[263],"achieve":[265],"better":[266],"generalization":[267],"across":[268],"datasets;":[269,336],"iii)":[270],"curriculum":[271],"strategies":[273],"improve":[274],"severity":[276],"grading":[277],"accuracy;":[278],"iv)":[280],"challenges":[281],"persist":[282],"standardizing":[284],"evaluation":[285],"metrics":[286],"managing":[288],"variations":[289],"data":[291],"quality.":[292],"Future":[293],"research":[294],"should":[295],"focus":[296],"on":[297,334,340],"developing":[298],"more":[299],"robust":[300],"that":[302],"can":[303],"handle":[304],"diverse":[305],"image":[306],"qualities":[307],"incorporate":[309],"clinical":[310,349],"knowledge":[311],"into":[312],"process.":[315],"Additionally,":[316],"analysis":[318],"implementation":[321],"barriers:":[322],"only":[323],"30%-40%":[324],"studies":[326],"included":[327],"external":[328],"validation,":[329],"degradation":[333],"independent":[335],"approximately":[337],"60%-70%":[338],"relied":[339],"structure-only":[341],"approaches,":[342],"excluding":[343],"essential":[344],"correlation":[347],"decision-making.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
