{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413925405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022","title":"Adapting LLMs for Satellite Communications: Methodology, Challenges, and Impact","display_name":"Adapting LLMs for Satellite Communications: Methodology, Challenges, and Impact","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413925405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069886970","display_name":"A. Mozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Mozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003785872","display_name":"Sergio G\u00e1lvez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio G\u00e1lvez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102768936","display_name":"Ioannis T. Christou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230915877","display_name":"The American College of Greece","ror":"https://ror.org/03vkake80","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis T. Christou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece","Dept. of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science of the American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, GREECE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science of the American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, GREECE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111935279","display_name":"Dimitrios Vogiatzis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230915877","display_name":"The American College of Greece","ror":"https://ror.org/03vkake80","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Vogiatzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece","Dept. of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science of the American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, GREECE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Computer Science of the American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, GREECE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230915877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027824871","display_name":"Tom\u00e1s Navarro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100639","display_name":"European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/00w3swb66","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I4210100639"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom\u00e1s Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), European Space Agency, Didcot, U.K","European Space Agency, ECSAT, Didcot, UNITED KINGDOM"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), European Space Agency, Didcot, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Space Agency, ECSAT, Didcot, UNITED KINGDOM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030723530","display_name":"Francisco L. Valverde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco L. Valverde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Languages and Computer Sciences, University of Malaga (Andalucia Tech), Malaga, SPAIN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069886970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.0234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9438929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"155675","last_page":"155696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14419","display_name":"Banking Systems and Strategies","score":0.9144999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14419","display_name":"Banking Systems and Strategies","score":0.9144999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.6630262136459351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5767295956611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5421515107154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-broadcasting","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","score":0.5161563158035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4474124312400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13421478867530823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.6630262136459351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5767295956611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5421515107154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.5161563158035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4474124312400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13421478867530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a478d829f99f49b5930d47138b6bde5f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a478d829f99f49b5930d47138b6bde5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 155675-155696 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riuma.uma.es:10630/39759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10630/39759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401385","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga (University of M\u00e1laga)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","host_organization_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"AM"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977865514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SATNEX V - Y3.6-B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37065025","https://openalex.org/W791527587","https://openalex.org/W1603719052","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2166633748","https://openalex.org/W2889454385","https://openalex.org/W2902160827","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2913760446","https://openalex.org/W2947681066","https://openalex.org/W2963023579","https://openalex.org/W2964079897","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2969625533","https://openalex.org/W2970926253","https://openalex.org/W3003496674","https://openalex.org/W3035252911","https://openalex.org/W3081232121","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3104215796","https://openalex.org/W3113086989","https://openalex.org/W3133683044","https://openalex.org/W3158161591","https://openalex.org/W3165573226","https://openalex.org/W3172198372","https://openalex.org/W3177765786","https://openalex.org/W3214899504","https://openalex.org/W4221047533","https://openalex.org/W4238015202","https://openalex.org/W4321457507","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W4323780671","https://openalex.org/W4385679821","https://openalex.org/W4386507114","https://openalex.org/W4386566488","https://openalex.org/W4387507766","https://openalex.org/W4389519598","https://openalex.org/W4390086851","https://openalex.org/W4394009485","https://openalex.org/W4401943774","https://openalex.org/W4402446610","https://openalex.org/W4404782379","https://openalex.org/W4405784845","https://openalex.org/W4406266037","https://openalex.org/W4411273969","https://openalex.org/W4412888616","https://openalex.org/W4413941679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028190576","https://openalex.org/W1836774208","https://openalex.org/W4206958678","https://openalex.org/W2325965825","https://openalex.org/W4230711642","https://openalex.org/W4233213628","https://openalex.org/W2373343648","https://openalex.org/W4237717127","https://openalex.org/W64102529","https://openalex.org/W3029457158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,152],"application":[1],"of":[2,31,79,86,104,184],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5,47,154],"(LLMs)":[6],"to":[7,19,42,65,111,135,170],"specialized":[8],"fields,":[9],"such":[10,108],"as":[11,109,163,165],"Satellite":[12],"Communications":[13],"(SatCom),":[14],"presents":[15,53],"unique":[16],"challenges":[17],"due":[18],"the":[20,73,160,182,190],"extensive":[21],"and":[22,35,45,63,95,143],"cutting-edge":[23],"knowledge":[24],"required.":[25],"SatCom":[26,191],"encompasses":[27],"a":[28,54,68,98,119,130,156,178],"wide":[29],"range":[30],"technical":[32],"details,":[33],"protocols,":[34],"operational":[36],"guidelines":[37],"that":[38],"must":[39],"be":[40],"addressed":[41],"produce":[43],"effective":[44],"accurate":[46],"for":[48,57,149,186],"practical":[49],"use.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"fine-tuning":[55,116],"approach":[56],"adapting":[58],"7-billion-parameter":[59],"instructed":[60],"LLMs":[61,185],"(Llama-3v":[62],"Mistral)":[64],"SatCom,":[66],"using":[67,129],"proprietary":[69],"corpus":[70,88],"sourced":[71],"from":[72],"European":[74],"Space":[75],"Agency":[76],"(ESA)":[77],"consisting":[78],"domain-specific":[80,187],"PDF":[81],"documents.":[82],"confidential":[84],"nature":[85],"this":[87],"imposes":[89],"constraints":[90],"on":[91],"both":[92,141],"model":[93],"training":[94],"evaluation,":[96],"demanding":[97],"sensible":[99],"text":[100],"extraction":[101],"pipeline":[102],"capable":[103],"handling":[105],"complex":[106],"structures,":[107],"tables,":[110],"preserve":[112],"critical":[113],"information.":[114],"Our":[115],"methodology":[117],"employs":[118],"carefully":[120],"configured":[121],"process,":[122],"followed":[123],"by":[124],"an":[125],"automatic":[126],"evaluation":[127],"framework":[128],"curated":[131],"Q&A":[132],"set":[133],"tailored":[134],"SatCom.":[136],"Models":[137],"were":[138],"created":[139],"in":[140,181],"non-quantified":[142],"8-bit":[144],"quantized":[145],"formats,":[146],"ensuring":[147],"feasibility":[148],"desktop-level":[150],"inference.":[151],"fine-tuned":[153],"demonstrated":[155],"6,6%":[157],"improvement":[158],"over":[159],"baseline":[161],"LLM,":[162],"well":[164],"significant":[166],"gains":[167],"when":[168],"compared":[169],"retrieval-augmented":[171],"generation":[172],"(RAG)":[173],"methods.":[174],"These":[175],"results":[176],"indicate":[177],"promising":[179],"advancement":[180],"development":[183],"applications":[188],"within":[189],"field.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-09-03T00:00:00"}