{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413887301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652","title":"Comparative Study on the Generalization Ability of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Quality Assessment of Wearable PPG Recordings","display_name":"Comparative Study on the Generalization Ability of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Quality Assessment of Wearable PPG Recordings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413887301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3604652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093620500","display_name":"Santiago Mula","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Mula Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5676-067X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009699863","display_name":"Roberto Zangr\u00f3niz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0334-8155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Zangr\u00f3niz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0334-8155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035497245","display_name":"\u00d3scar Ayo\u2010Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-1696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145506","display_name":"Hospital General Universitario de Albacete","ror":"https://ror.org/055p2yz63","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141158","https://openalex.org/I4210145506","https://openalex.org/I4210155114"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d3scar Ayo-Mart\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027707636","display_name":"J.J. Rieta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-6380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn Rieta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Engineering Department, BioMIT.org, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Val&#x00E8;ncia, Valencia, Spain","Electronic Engineering Department, BioMIT.org, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-6380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Engineering Department, BioMIT.org, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Val&#x00E8;ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Engineering Department, BioMIT.org, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069243017","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Alcaraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ra\u00fal Alcaraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-3638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093620500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42226891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"154031","last_page":"154045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14139","display_name":"E-commerce and Technology Innovations","score":0.7735999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14139","display_name":"E-commerce and Technology Innovations","score":0.7735999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14254","display_name":"Digital Media and Visual Art","score":0.6650999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.77892005443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7445404529571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.582044243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5533620119094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49619942903518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48777228593826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.47969791293144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13627374172210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.06354343891143799}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.77892005443573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7445404529571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.582044243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5533620119094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49619942903518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48777228593826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.47969791293144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13627374172210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.06354343891143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3604652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cebc6ec4d45413fa3bc40330e4107ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cebc6ec4d45413fa3bc40330e4107ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 154031-154045 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ruidera.uclm.es:10578/46072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10578/46072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196358","display_name":"RUIdeRA - Institutional University Repository (University of Castilla-La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3604652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3604652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2906015032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-128525OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3379371330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TED2021-130935B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G416731744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SB-PLY/21/180501/000186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4254587444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SB-PLY/21/ 180501/000186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327216","funder_display_name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4403626246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIAICO/2023/200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327216","funder_display_name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7623539510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIAICO/2023/200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8579568201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123804OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","ror":"https://ror.org/0097mvx21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327216","display_name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv91m18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528687555","https://openalex.org/W1989977532","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2015159529","https://openalex.org/W2046002943","https://openalex.org/W2046788142","https://openalex.org/W2049755262","https://openalex.org/W2089544552","https://openalex.org/W2091314241","https://openalex.org/W2160347936","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2522264526","https://openalex.org/W2538635319","https://openalex.org/W2595557058","https://openalex.org/W2596627175","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2894771803","https://openalex.org/W2919598938","https://openalex.org/W2945703677","https://openalex.org/W2946764178","https://openalex.org/W2962182608","https://openalex.org/W2990653535","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3011413082","https://openalex.org/W3035182293","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3039594194","https://openalex.org/W3083913352","https://openalex.org/W3087944197","https://openalex.org/W3097289530","https://openalex.org/W3135891860","https://openalex.org/W3136621203","https://openalex.org/W3136911529","https://openalex.org/W3137901888","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3148172507","https://openalex.org/W3153683258","https://openalex.org/W3155015885","https://openalex.org/W3160242965","https://openalex.org/W3170717764","https://openalex.org/W3186366455","https://openalex.org/W3212253875","https://openalex.org/W3215924415","https://openalex.org/W4200080957","https://openalex.org/W4200451282","https://openalex.org/W4210652228","https://openalex.org/W4214602270","https://openalex.org/W4220958093","https://openalex.org/W4221007892","https://openalex.org/W4229057391","https://openalex.org/W4233026002","https://openalex.org/W4285731318","https://openalex.org/W4289861031","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W4324142429","https://openalex.org/W4360849006","https://openalex.org/W4372260356","https://openalex.org/W4379379996","https://openalex.org/W4382884789","https://openalex.org/W4385285628","https://openalex.org/W4386097576","https://openalex.org/W4386902909","https://openalex.org/W4388579607","https://openalex.org/W4388820136","https://openalex.org/W4390728634","https://openalex.org/W4391320858","https://openalex.org/W4393363060","https://openalex.org/W4393378327","https://openalex.org/W4396753491","https://openalex.org/W4398199761","https://openalex.org/W4399121996","https://openalex.org/W4402623551","https://openalex.org/W4403221677","https://openalex.org/W4404280067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W4409439182","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2080152487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,70,150,195],"the":[2,74,110,138,178,181,186,205,212],"major":[3],"challenges":[4],"in":[5,14,68,143,198],"using":[6],"photoplethysmography":[7],"(PPG)":[8],"sensors":[9,136],"for":[10,34],"heart":[11,76,81],"rate":[12,77,82],"monitoring":[13],"real-world":[15],"settings":[16],"is":[17],"ensuring":[18],"signal":[19],"quality.":[20],"This":[21],"work":[22],"evaluates":[23],"and":[24,29,41,52,61,94,96,107,135,146,208,225],"compares":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27,31],"(ML)":[28],"deep":[30],"(DL)":[32],"methods":[33,210],"PPG":[35,56,217],"quality":[36,71],"assessment":[37],"on":[38,90,104,109,129,160,172,185],"a":[39,79,105,166,192],"unique":[40],"comprehensive":[42],"framework":[43],"that":[44,116,199,204],"includes":[45],"different":[46,176],"sensors,":[47,223],"wavelengths,":[48,224],"body":[49],"measurement":[50,133,226],"locations,":[51],"recording":[53],"environments.":[54],"The":[55,113],"signals":[57,218],"from":[58,84,154,177,220],"one":[59],"proprietary":[60],"five":[62],"publicly":[63],"available":[64],"datasets":[65,130,173],"were":[66,102,127,158],"labeled":[67],"terms":[69],"by":[72],"comparing":[73],"PPG-derived":[75],"to":[78,122,137,156,214],"reference":[80],"estimated":[83],"simultaneous":[85],"electrocardiograms.":[86],"Diverse":[87],"techniques":[88],"based":[89,184],"common":[91],"ML":[92,207],"classifiers":[93],"one-":[95],"two-dimensional":[97],"convolutional":[98],"neural":[99],"networks":[100],"(CNN)":[101],"trained":[103],"dataset":[106],"tested":[108,128,171],"remaining":[111],"ones.":[112],"results":[114],"showed":[115],"several":[117],"generated":[118],"models":[119],"performed":[120],"comparably":[121],"previous":[123],"studies":[124],"when":[125,170],"they":[126,164],"with":[131],"similar":[132],"positions":[134],"training":[139,155],"database.":[140],"Specifically,":[141],"reductions":[142],"sensitivity,":[144],"specificity,":[145],"F<sub":[147],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</sub>-score":[149],"less":[151],"than":[152],"3%":[153],"testing":[157],"observed":[159],"some":[161],"methods.":[162],"Contrarily,":[163],"reported":[165],"notably":[167],"poorer":[168],"performance":[169,193],"presenting":[174],"conditions":[175],"training.":[179],"Even":[180],"best-performing":[182],"model,":[183],"well-known,":[187],"pre-trained":[188],"CNN":[189],"AlexNet,":[190],"experienced":[191],"drop":[194],"over":[196],"20%":[197],"situation.":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"show":[203],"analyzed":[206],"DL":[209],"lack":[211],"ability":[213],"generalize":[215],"across":[216],"captured":[219],"diverse":[221],"environments,":[222],"locations.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-09-01T00:00:00"}