{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413754723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536","title":"LLTQ+: A Hardware-Friendly Quantization Framework for Modern YOLO Architectures","display_name":"LLTQ+: A Hardware-Friendly Quantization Framework for Modern YOLO Architectures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413754723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yugwon Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1821-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yugwon Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1821-8902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101937595","display_name":"Jaemyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-9680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaemyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-9680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035110848","display_name":"Jin-Ku Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-3740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Ku Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-3740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019873685","display_name":"Yongwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-2319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141074810","display_name":"Korea National University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9fpk55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141074810"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-2319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141074810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84839858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"151189","last_page":"151201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9383000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7237703800201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6261165738105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.46062272787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmentally-friendly","display_name":"Environmentally friendly","score":0.4416464567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.41110163927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4098716080188751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.09947282075881958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7237703800201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6261165738105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.46062272787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171534860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870","display_name":"Environmentally friendly","level":2,"score":0.4416464567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.41110163927078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4098716080188751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.09947282075881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69649057bf634311825e9dd732c38fde","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69649057bf634311825e9dd732c38fde","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 151189-151201 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2991002474","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3186146740","https://openalex.org/W4297676427","https://openalex.org/W4310675596","https://openalex.org/W4312893034","https://openalex.org/W4386075967","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4388333374","https://openalex.org/W4391745456","https://openalex.org/W4393157004","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4403771984","https://openalex.org/W4406868061","https://openalex.org/W4409052694","https://openalex.org/W4409163990","https://openalex.org/W4410813557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577087430","https://openalex.org/W2368072971","https://openalex.org/W186863808","https://openalex.org/W2348242304","https://openalex.org/W2352189277","https://openalex.org/W2351585432","https://openalex.org/W2377270209","https://openalex.org/W2383783507","https://openalex.org/W1536832819","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"YOLO-based":[0],"object":[1],"detection":[2],"models":[3],"are":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7],"real-time":[8],"applications":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,60],"their":[12,20],"high":[13],"accuracy":[14,170],"and":[15,23,64,66,103,113,143,158,171],"fast":[16],"inference":[17],"speed.":[18],"However,":[19],"complex":[21,160],"architectures":[22,139],"computational":[24,172],"demands":[25],"present":[26],"challenges":[27],"for":[28,154],"deployment":[29],"on":[30,87],"low-power":[31],"edge":[32],"devices.":[33],"To":[34],"address":[35],"this,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"LLTQ+,":[39],"an":[40,124],"enhanced":[41],"version":[42],"of":[43,76,82,95,126],"the":[44,73,88,93,156],"hardware-friendly":[45],"quantization":[46,69,153,166],"method":[47],"LLTQ.":[48,130],"The":[49],"proposed":[50],"approach":[51],"preserves":[52,72],"batch":[53],"normalization":[54],"layers":[55],"during":[56],"Quantization-Aware":[57],"Training":[58],"(QAT)":[59],"maintain":[61],"training":[62],"stability":[63],"accuracy,":[65],"introduces":[67],"a":[68,78,164],"strategy":[70],"that":[71,148,168],"representational":[74],"capacity":[75],"RepConv,":[77],"key":[79],"structural":[80],"component":[81],"YOLO":[83,161],"networks.":[84],"Experimental":[85],"results":[86,146],"PASCAL":[89],"VOC":[90],"dataset":[91],"demonstrate":[92],"effectiveness":[94],"LLTQ+.":[96],"On":[97,118],"YOLOv10-s,":[98],"LLTQ+":[99,120,149],"achieved":[100],"80.6%":[101],"mAP(0.5)":[102],"61.8%":[104],"mAP(0.5:0.95)":[105],"under":[106],"integer-only":[107],"inference,":[108],"surpassing":[109],"LLTQ":[110],"by":[111],"0.9":[112],"1.7":[114],"percentage":[115],"points,":[116],"respectively.":[117],"YOLOv9-t,":[119],"reached":[121],"52.9%":[122],"mAP(0.5:0.95),":[123],"improvement":[125],"0.5":[127],"points":[128],"over":[129],"Consistent":[131],"performance":[132],"gains":[133],"were":[134],"also":[135],"observed":[136],"across":[137],"other":[138],"such":[140],"as":[141],"YOLOv7":[142],"YOLOv7-tiny.":[144],"These":[145],"confirm":[147],"effectively":[150],"supports":[151],"integer":[152],"even":[155],"latest":[157],"more":[159],"networks,":[162],"providing":[163],"practical":[165],"solution":[167],"balances":[169],"efficiency.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
