{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413754707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451","title":"XAI Driven Software Defect Prediction Using Adaptive Feature Engineering Coupled With Autoencoder and Multi-Layer Perceptron: An Empirical Study","display_name":"XAI Driven Software Defect Prediction Using Adaptive Feature Engineering Coupled With Autoencoder and Multi-Layer Perceptron: An Empirical Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413754707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000176863","display_name":"Parvathaneni Naga Srinivasu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9247-9132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Parvathaneni Naga Srinivasu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9247-9132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041753345","display_name":"M. Sailaja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116891498","display_name":"Siddhartha Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/058pt1w78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116891498"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sailaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9678-3318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116891498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116891498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048819857","display_name":"Sujatha Canavoy Narahari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134892692","display_name":"Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/047ymzq84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134892692"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujatha Canavoy Narahari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-0667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134892692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089531233","display_name":"Paolo Barsocchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-7593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Barsocchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-7593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046397615","display_name":"Akash Kumar Bhoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112754052","display_name":"Sambalpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s222234","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112754052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81433678","display_name":"Sikkim Manipal University","ror":"https://ror.org/010gckf65","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81433678"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Kumar Bhoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["eSupport for Research, Burla, Sambalpur, India","Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-3224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eSupport for Research, Burla, Sambalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112754052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81433678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000176863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31972632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"168693","last_page":"168710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9122999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9081000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7936325073242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.743529200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6170336008071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5872405767440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.5727848410606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5083896517753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4496883451938629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44938698410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4046737849712372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38762739300727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3478037714958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3355311155319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.10435637831687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06891897320747375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7936325073242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.743529200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6170336008071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5872405767440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5727848410606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5083896517753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4496883451938629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44938698410987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4046737849712372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38762739300727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3478037714958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3355311155319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10435637831687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06891897320747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d895ac96a5ea4944a16e44deae5304f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d895ac96a5ea4944a16e44deae5304f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 168693-168710 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2192239100","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2782726450","https://openalex.org/W2787337551","https://openalex.org/W2834766245","https://openalex.org/W2924122678","https://openalex.org/W2968996329","https://openalex.org/W2998024052","https://openalex.org/W3021219025","https://openalex.org/W3021650771","https://openalex.org/W3079499560","https://openalex.org/W3107425599","https://openalex.org/W3125658235","https://openalex.org/W3135425794","https://openalex.org/W3164640227","https://openalex.org/W3172831760","https://openalex.org/W3195401166","https://openalex.org/W3199778473","https://openalex.org/W3200187614","https://openalex.org/W4221057950","https://openalex.org/W4281261530","https://openalex.org/W4289261546","https://openalex.org/W4293771173","https://openalex.org/W4306174955","https://openalex.org/W4306407754","https://openalex.org/W4313068608","https://openalex.org/W4313546902","https://openalex.org/W4321770587","https://openalex.org/W4376619348","https://openalex.org/W4379389373","https://openalex.org/W4388180000","https://openalex.org/W4389408595","https://openalex.org/W4390883252","https://openalex.org/W4391514872","https://openalex.org/W4392238251","https://openalex.org/W4392912225","https://openalex.org/W4394754809","https://openalex.org/W4396780052","https://openalex.org/W4399169564","https://openalex.org/W4401047029","https://openalex.org/W4402248701","https://openalex.org/W4403072149","https://openalex.org/W4404519547","https://openalex.org/W4406916428","https://openalex.org/W4408059579","https://openalex.org/W4409399591","https://openalex.org/W4409671040","https://openalex.org/W4412623611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W89844371","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456","https://openalex.org/W2136232598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"defect":[1,41,150],"prediction":[2,42,151],"is":[3,77],"essential":[4],"for":[5],"ensuring":[6],"the":[7,106,122,136],"reliability":[8],"and":[9,35,44,63,83,94,101,114,135,161],"robustness":[10],"of":[11],"software":[12,163],"prototypes":[13],"during":[14],"development.":[15],"The":[16,140],"current":[17],"study":[18],"have":[19],"proposed":[20,141],"a":[21],"novel":[22],"strategy":[23],"that":[24],"integrates":[25],"explainable":[26],"artificial":[27],"intelligence":[28],"(XAI)":[29],"techniques":[30],"with":[31,125],"adaptive":[32],"feature":[33,47,112],"engineering":[34,48],"autoencoder":[36],"neural":[37],"networks":[38],"to":[39,52,79,89,148],"improve":[40],"accuracy":[43,146],"interpretability.":[45],"Adaptive":[46],"processes":[49],"input":[50,96],"data":[51,71,92],"identify":[53],"critical":[54],"features,":[55],"while":[56],"autoencoders":[57],"handle":[58],"non-linear":[59],"datasets,":[60],"reduce":[61],"noise,":[62],"generate":[64],"meaningful":[65],"latent":[66],"representations":[67],"by":[68],"learning":[69],"underlying":[70],"patterns.":[72],"A":[73],"Multi-Layer":[74],"Perceptron":[75],"(MLP)":[76],"employed":[78],"classify":[80],"code":[81,159],"snippets":[82,160],"localize":[84],"defects,":[85],"leveraging":[86],"its":[87,154],"ability":[88],"manage":[90],"complex":[91],"patterns":[93],"diverse":[95],"features.":[97],"To":[98],"enhance":[99],"transparency":[100],"trust":[102],"in":[103,156],"model":[104],"predictions,":[105],"XAI":[107],"component":[108],"provides":[109],"insights":[110],"into":[111],"significance":[113],"classification":[115],"outcome.":[116],"Empirical":[117],"evaluations":[118],"were":[119],"conducted":[120],"on":[121],"PROMISE":[123],"dataset,":[124],"performance":[126],"assessed":[127],"using":[128],"metrics":[129],"such":[130],"as":[131],"sensitivity,":[132],"specificity,":[133],"F1-score,":[134],"Matthews":[137],"correlation":[138],"coefficient.":[139],"approach":[142],"has":[143],"demonstrated":[144],"superior":[145],"compared":[147],"other":[149],"methods,":[152],"highlighting":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"identifying":[157],"defective":[158],"enhancing":[162],"quality.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}