{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413754849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260","title":"Performance Analysis of SAC-OCDMA and Physical Layer Security Utilizing Block Shifted Circulant Matrix Code","display_name":"Performance Analysis of SAC-OCDMA and Physical Layer Security Utilizing Block Shifted Circulant Matrix Code","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413754849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057165347","display_name":"P. O. Amadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Precious Ogbonda Amadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-3891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078801104","display_name":"Syed Mohammad Ammar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Mohammad Ammar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3630-2583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048840767","display_name":"S. A. Aljunid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-6220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Alwee Aljunid Syed Junid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-6220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055119053","display_name":"Norshamsuri Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-0714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norshamsuri Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9348-0714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576539","display_name":"Nursalasawati Rusli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0153-8461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nursalasawati Rusli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058166130","display_name":"R. Endut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-9740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosdisham Bin Endut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-9740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering &#x0026; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79640665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"151641","last_page":"151651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7172684073448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circulant-matrix","display_name":"Circulant matrix","score":0.654951810836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5955878496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5358138680458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.44089779257774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.43956854939460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4136180281639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.358764111995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.23326122760772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2232086956501007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21107283234596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09829568862915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09446945786476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.08400645852088928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07787361741065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.0713297426700592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7172684073448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115973184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245457","display_name":"Circulant matrix","level":2,"score":0.654951810836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5955878496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5358138680458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.44089779257774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43956854939460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4136180281639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.358764111995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.23326122760772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2232086956501007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21107283234596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09829568862915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09446945786476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.08400645852088928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07787361741065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0713297426700592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26850ed319544a5ba950d6425be7f216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26850ed319544a5ba950d6425be7f216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 151641-151651 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3603260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2035360838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LRGS/1/2020/UM/01/5/4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W781901573","https://openalex.org/W1467161792","https://openalex.org/W1968713866","https://openalex.org/W1969657507","https://openalex.org/W1986451188","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2056489632","https://openalex.org/W2056944060","https://openalex.org/W2057197177","https://openalex.org/W2070640370","https://openalex.org/W2102596348","https://openalex.org/W2114993737","https://openalex.org/W2125293677","https://openalex.org/W2136069168","https://openalex.org/W2157665822","https://openalex.org/W2166596780","https://openalex.org/W2168516037","https://openalex.org/W2313018863","https://openalex.org/W2396612585","https://openalex.org/W2483686335","https://openalex.org/W2754592283","https://openalex.org/W2963490414","https://openalex.org/W3012615268","https://openalex.org/W3038823803","https://openalex.org/W3091568454","https://openalex.org/W4220716646","https://openalex.org/W4230937717","https://openalex.org/W4238576359","https://openalex.org/W4243870406","https://openalex.org/W4298368364","https://openalex.org/W4300905089","https://openalex.org/W4315641421","https://openalex.org/W4360981951","https://openalex.org/W4387101794","https://openalex.org/W4401046345","https://openalex.org/W4405727554","https://openalex.org/W4406523969","https://openalex.org/W4407571541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117159910","https://openalex.org/W2335757200","https://openalex.org/W2049656902","https://openalex.org/W2044900700","https://openalex.org/W2549019542","https://openalex.org/W2139378013","https://openalex.org/W2312260908","https://openalex.org/W2394404719","https://openalex.org/W2560470131","https://openalex.org/W2348308003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,60,78,85,186,214],"zero":[6,38],"correlation":[7],"code":[8,28,52,196],"block":[9],"shifted":[10],"circulant":[11],"matrix":[12,20],"(BSCM)":[13],"using":[14,64,72,177],"the":[15,47,100,113,117,145,173,178,191,199,202,209],"circular":[16],"shifting":[17],"of":[18,37,49,81,153,201],"identity":[19],"mapping":[21],"technique":[22,63],"for":[23,94,162],"spectral":[24],"amplitude":[25],"coding":[26],"optical":[27,167],"division":[29],"multiple":[30],"access.":[31],"The":[32,105],"design":[33],"addresses":[34],"cardinality":[35],"limitations":[36],"cross-correlation":[39],"(ZCC)":[40],"codes":[41,135],"by":[42,207],"enabling":[43],"flexible":[44],"configurations":[45],"between":[46],"number":[48],"users":[50],"and":[51,131,141,165],"weight":[53],"without":[54],"sacrificing":[55],"ZCC":[56],"properties.":[57],"We":[58],"employ":[59],"direct":[61],"detection":[62],"an":[65,149],"avalanche":[66],"photodiode":[67],"(APD).":[68],"Our":[69,121,169,182],"simulation":[70],"result,":[71],"<italic":[73],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[74,92,156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">OptiSystem</i>":[75],"15,":[76],"achieved":[77,148],"transmission":[79,109,138],"distance":[80,110],"130":[82],"km":[83,103],"within":[84],"bit":[86],"error":[87],"rate":[88],"(BER)":[89],"\u2264":[90],"10<sup":[91,155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\u22129</sup>":[93],"three":[95],"users,":[96],"closely":[97],"aligning":[98],"with":[99,128],"theoretical":[101,106],"133":[102],"limit.":[104],"analysis":[107,183],"increasing":[108,195],"also":[111],"increases":[112],"BER":[114],"while":[115],"degrading":[116],"signal-to-noise":[118],"ratio":[119,189],"(SNR).":[120],"BSCM":[122,146],"model":[123,147],"performed":[124],"better":[125],"when":[126],"compared":[127],"random":[129],"diagonal":[130,132],"eigenvalue":[133],"unity":[134],"based":[136],"on":[137],"distance,":[139],"SNR,":[140],"channel":[142,151,180,204,211],"capacity.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"information-theoretic":[150],"capacity":[152],"\u223c":[154],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">13</sup>":[157],"bps,":[158],"indicating":[159],"its":[160],"potential":[161],"establishing":[163],"secure":[164],"high-bandwidth":[166],"communication.":[168],"study":[170],"further":[171],"explores":[172],"physical":[174],"layer":[175],"security":[176,192],"wiretap":[179],"model.":[181],"shows":[184],"that":[185],"low":[187],"extraction":[188],"reduces":[190],"leakage.":[193],"Also,":[194],"length":[197],"improves":[198],"robustness":[200],"system":[203],"against":[205],"eavesdropping":[206],"ensuring":[208],"eavesdropper\u2019s":[210],"remains":[212],"in":[213],"noisy":[215],"state.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}