{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413677487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953","title":"STRACK: Robust Tracking of Small Objects in Low-Light Conditions","display_name":"STRACK: Robust Tracking of Small Objects in Low-Light Conditions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413677487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106183598","display_name":"S. Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Said Baz Jahfar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Software Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, XI&#x2019;AN, Shaanxi, The People&#x2019;s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0941-0518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, XI&#x2019;AN, Shaanxi, The People&#x2019;s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779162","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-0936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, XI&#x2019;AN, Shaanxi, The People&#x2019;s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, XI&#x2019;AN, Shaanxi, The People&#x2019;s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042607279","display_name":"Mian Muhammad Kamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169019527","display_name":"Quanzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/006ak0b38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169019527"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123686","display_name":"Quzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/024nfx323","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123686"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Muhammad Kamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169019527","https://openalex.org/I4210123686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040941339","display_name":"Heba G. Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-1049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heba G. Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428,, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-1049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428,, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057422083","display_name":"Qasem M. Kharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-6029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104941359","display_name":"Al-Ahliyya Amman University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xddhq60","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qasem M. Kharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan","Software Engineering Department Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-6029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023654726","display_name":"Muhammad Sheraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sheraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026706524","display_name":"Teong Chee Chuah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-9481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teong Chee Chuah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-9481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering, Centre for Smart Systems and Automation, CoE for Robotics and Sensing Technologies, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":2.0548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87517453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"151466","last_page":"151478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.8532999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.585018515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5116007924079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4824279248714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41363051533699036}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.585018515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5116007924079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4824279248714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41363051533699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ab46b8c97eb4cf080ffac451f31e520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ab46b8c97eb4cf080ffac451f31e520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 151466-151478 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3246317446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMUI/250008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","funder_display_name":"Multimedia University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6757717229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2025R140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7730209961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/231095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","funder_display_name":"Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G913800009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/241149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","funder_display_name":"Research and Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2124781496","https://openalex.org/W2150298366","https://openalex.org/W2511791013","https://openalex.org/W2594507094","https://openalex.org/W2887213393","https://openalex.org/W2913742577","https://openalex.org/W2953920664","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2999212432","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3035731588","https://openalex.org/W3084173793","https://openalex.org/W3086436251","https://openalex.org/W3089134182","https://openalex.org/W3095753995","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W4205537101","https://openalex.org/W4286904999","https://openalex.org/W4309488443","https://openalex.org/W4319866011","https://openalex.org/W4319990521","https://openalex.org/W4324118912","https://openalex.org/W4328132736","https://openalex.org/W4385804797","https://openalex.org/W4385804909","https://openalex.org/W4386071841","https://openalex.org/W4386071948","https://openalex.org/W4386076116","https://openalex.org/W4386083136","https://openalex.org/W4386590375","https://openalex.org/W4386597141","https://openalex.org/W4387969510","https://openalex.org/W4391892422","https://openalex.org/W4392402335","https://openalex.org/W4393149283","https://openalex.org/W4393149381","https://openalex.org/W4393154076","https://openalex.org/W4394593219","https://openalex.org/W4394761924","https://openalex.org/W4396695420","https://openalex.org/W4396893543","https://openalex.org/W4398226252","https://openalex.org/W4400646534","https://openalex.org/W4400701967","https://openalex.org/W4401413986","https://openalex.org/W4401725938","https://openalex.org/W4402704559","https://openalex.org/W4405974723","https://openalex.org/W4406267020","https://openalex.org/W4407158481","https://openalex.org/W4408355291","https://openalex.org/W4410071008","https://openalex.org/W4413156055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tracking":[0],"small":[1],"objects":[2],"in":[3,180,186],"low-light":[4,182],"conditions":[5],"presents":[6,29],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8,40],"for":[9,80,89,177,184],"multi-object":[10],"tracking":[11],"(MOT)":[12],"methods":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,37,107,124,131],"diminished":[16],"image":[17],"quality,":[18],"motion":[19,48,82,92,133],"blur,":[20],"poor":[21],"contrast,":[22],"and":[23,50,67,94,103,134,142,157,174,190],"increased":[24],"noise":[25],"levels.":[26],"This":[27],"research":[28],"STRACK,":[30],"a":[31,56,95,172],"robust":[32,178],"MOT":[33,179],"framework":[34,71],"specifically":[35],"designed":[36],"address":[38,125],"these":[39],"through":[41],"the":[42,140],"effective":[43],"integration":[44],"of":[45,155],"advanced":[46],"detection,":[47],"modeling,":[49],"tracklet":[51],"association":[52],"methods.":[53],"STRACK":[54,114,147,170],"uses":[55,115],"fine-tuned":[57],"YOLOv11":[58],"detector,":[59],"ensuring":[60],"reliable":[61,81,173],"detection":[62],"across":[63],"varying":[64],"object":[65],"sizes":[66],"illumination":[68],"conditions.":[69],"The":[70],"proposes":[72],"an":[73],"adaptive":[74],"noise-aware":[75],"Enhanced":[76],"Kalman":[77],"Filter":[78],"(EKF)":[79],"prediction,":[83],"transformer-based":[84],"Dynamic":[85],"Motion":[86,117],"Compensation":[87],"(DMC)":[88],"reducing":[90],"camera":[91],"effects,":[93],"Spatio-Temporal":[96],"Relational":[97],"Network":[98],"(STRN),":[99],"which":[100],"combines":[101],"LSTM":[102],"graph":[104],"convolutional":[105],"modules":[106],"strengthen":[108],"associations":[109],"under":[110],"appearance":[111,135],"degradation.":[112],"Additionally,":[113],"Adaptive":[116],"Smoothing":[118],"(AMS)":[119],"with":[120],"Gaussian":[121],"process":[122],"regression":[123],"missed":[126],"detections,":[127],"alongside":[128],"IoU-ReID":[129],"fusion":[130],"combine":[132],"signals.":[136],"Extensive":[137],"experiments":[138],"on":[139],"MOT17":[141],"MOT20":[143],"benchmarks":[144],"indicate":[145],"that":[146],"significantly":[148],"surpasses":[149],"leading":[150],"methods,":[151],"achieving":[152],"HOTA":[153],"scores":[154],"66.71":[156],"66.44,":[158],"respectively,":[159],"while":[160],"maintaining":[161],"real-time":[162],"performance":[163],"at":[164],"25":[165],"FPS.":[166],"These":[167],"results":[168],"confirm":[169],"as":[171],"scalable":[175],"platform":[176],"challenging":[181],"environments":[183],"applications":[185],"autonomous":[187],"driving,":[188],"surveillance,":[189],"ecological":[191],"monitoring.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
