{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413553616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153","title":"Innovative Spatial-Temporal Attention Network (STAN) for Skeleton-Based Timed-Up-and-Go Analysis to Stratify Lower Back Pain Severity With Monocular RGB Camera","display_name":"Innovative Spatial-Temporal Attention Network (STAN) for Skeleton-Based Timed-Up-and-Go Analysis to Stratify Lower Back Pain Severity With Monocular RGB Camera","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413553616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liyun Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyun Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","School of Agri-food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901","https://openalex.org/I51532219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agri-food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040505610","display_name":"P. V. L. N. Siva Prasad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181514455","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9eqy10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pandey Shourya Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bengaluru, India","International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3612-1615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chan Chi Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33821262","display_name":"Lincoln University - Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/0521rfb23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33821262"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Chi Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33821262","https://openalex.org/I51532219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076626481","display_name":"Gautam Siddharth Kashyap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2140-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Siddharth Kashyap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2140-9617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026023968","display_name":"Saeid Pourroostaei Ardakani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Pourroostaei Ardakani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-6617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901","https://openalex.org/I51532219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051015073","display_name":"Ross Clifford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095457","display_name":"Physiotherapy New Zealand","ror":"https://ror.org/00wry3a77","country_code":"NZ","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157045","display_name":"Canadian Physiotherapy Association","ror":"https://ror.org/04se5nn61","country_code":"CA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157045"]}],"countries":["CA","NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Clifford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Northern Physiotherapy, Lincoln, U.K","Great Northern Physiotherapy, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Northern Physiotherapy, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Northern Physiotherapy, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Philip Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095457","display_name":"Physiotherapy New Zealand","ror":"https://ror.org/00wry3a77","country_code":"NZ","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157045","display_name":"Canadian Physiotherapy Association","ror":"https://ror.org/04se5nn61","country_code":"CA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157045"]}],"countries":["CA","NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Northern Physiotherapy, Lincoln, U.K","Great Northern Physiotherapy, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Northern Physiotherapy, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Northern Physiotherapy, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044367644","display_name":"Miao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-9564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Agri-Food Technology and Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901","https://openalex.org/I51532219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26169885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"149296","last_page":"149309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.7379117012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7300797700881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.7146252989768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6397331953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6171169877052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeleton","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","score":0.41886264085769653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.7379117012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7300797700881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.7146252989768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6397331953048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6171169877052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18969341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169129","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.41886264085769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2c661ecf8b2437a91008e9c98f84573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2c661ecf8b2437a91008e9c98f84573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 149296-149309 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30008932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Innovative_Spatial-Temporal_Attention_Network_STAN_for_Skeleton-Based_Timed-Up-and-Go_Analysis_to_Stratify_Lower_Back_Pain_Severity_with_Monocular_RGB_Camera/30008932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3602153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3602153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3079160684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"778602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539321","https://openalex.org/W1994978432","https://openalex.org/W2067435956","https://openalex.org/W2074290069","https://openalex.org/W2079019539","https://openalex.org/W2157956359","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2274145879","https://openalex.org/W2308325322","https://openalex.org/W2532235096","https://openalex.org/W2737304167","https://openalex.org/W2772973030","https://openalex.org/W2783102978","https://openalex.org/W2891385636","https://openalex.org/W2920828889","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W2982453279","https://openalex.org/W2997980886","https://openalex.org/W2999986267","https://openalex.org/W3029924594","https://openalex.org/W3038007004","https://openalex.org/W3044651858","https://openalex.org/W3126750064","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W4206286792","https://openalex.org/W4224061630","https://openalex.org/W4281770078","https://openalex.org/W4306947767","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386215141","https://openalex.org/W4386399766","https://openalex.org/W4387837028","https://openalex.org/W4388976757","https://openalex.org/W4391345645","https://openalex.org/W4391953475","https://openalex.org/W4392200867","https://openalex.org/W4396894907","https://openalex.org/W4401506016","https://openalex.org/W4403128518","https://openalex.org/W4403479814","https://openalex.org/W4404468990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lower":[0],"back":[1,21,67,120],"pain":[2,22,68,121],"(LBP)":[3,23,69],"significantly":[4],"affects":[5],"individuals\u2019":[6],"quality":[7],"of":[8,19,31,65,96,102,118,130,149,171,174],"life":[9],"and":[10,29,37,181],"represents":[11],"a":[12,54,77],"considerable":[13],"burden":[14],"on":[15,61],"society.":[16],"Precise":[17],"stratification":[18],"lower":[20,66,119],"severity":[24,64,117],"aids":[25],"in":[26,112,157],"the":[27,63,71,100,116,128,159,166,172],"assessment":[28],"management":[30],"LBP,":[32],"facilitating":[33],"tailored":[34],"treatment":[35,180],"plans":[36],"enabling":[38],"healthcare":[39],"providers":[40],"to":[41,52,84,176],"track":[42],"intervention":[43],"effectiveness":[44],"over":[45,134],"time.":[46],"In":[47],"our":[48,131],"research,":[49],"we":[50],"aim":[51],"introduce":[53],"novel":[55,78],"human":[56],"motion":[57],"analysis":[58],"technique":[59],"focused":[60],"stratifying":[62,115],"through":[70],"Timed-Up-and-Go":[72],"(TUG)":[73],"test.":[74],"We":[75],"present":[76],"spatial-temporal":[79,87],"attention":[80],"network":[81],"(STAN)":[82],"designed":[83],"extract":[85],"intrinsic":[86],"features":[88],"from":[89,93,122,146],"skeletal":[90],"data":[91],"obtained":[92],"video":[94,141],"recordings":[95,142],"TUG":[97],"trials,":[98],"leveraging":[99],"affordability":[101],"RGB":[103],"cameras.":[104],"Results:":[105],"Our":[106],"STAN":[107],"model":[108],"demonstrates":[109],"remarkable":[110],"efficacy":[111],"accurately":[113],"(96.95%\u00b11.15%)":[114],"extensive":[123],"evaluation":[124],"results,":[125],"which":[126,162],"validate":[127],"superiority":[129],"STAN-based":[132],"approach":[133],"state-of-the-art":[135],"machine":[136],"learning":[137],"models":[138],"when":[139],"analyzing":[140],"for":[143],"LBP":[144,160,175],"stratification,":[145],"statistical":[147],"evaluations":[148],"multiple":[150],"metrics.":[151],"The":[152],"proposed":[153],"study":[154],"holds":[155],"promise":[156],"improving":[158],"assessment,":[161],"can":[163],"further":[164],"facilitate":[165],"related":[167],"care":[168],"providers'":[169],"monitoring":[170],"progress":[173],"set":[177],"up":[178],"effective":[179],"rehabilitation":[182],"plans.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}