{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413392335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398","title":"Dual-Port Grid-Forming Control of Double-Stage Interlinking Converters in Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids","display_name":"Dual-Port Grid-Forming Control of Double-Stage Interlinking Converters in Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413392335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3601398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119374772","display_name":"Mehdi Baharizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-4487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Baharizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-4487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061476886","display_name":"Mohammad S. Golsorkhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-729X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sadegh Golsorkhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-729X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057702506","display_name":"Ali Arzani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-6967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Arzani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Energy Systems Research (CESR), Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-6967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Energy Systems Research (CESR), Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062904114","display_name":"Thomas Ebel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-4471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Ebel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-4471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Industrial Electronics, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119374772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1091,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8844697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"147784","last_page":"147797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7573673725128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.5890654921531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.5794550180435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5612002611160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5536839365959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31880319118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.27041155099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1528266966342926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7573673725128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.5890654921531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.5794550180435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5612002611160278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5536839365959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31880319118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.27041155099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1528266966342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3601398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sdu.dk:openaire/e2b25d9d-6ba4-4663-ada4-f8f7ec594930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/e2b25d9d-6ba4-4663-ada4-f8f7ec594930","pdf_url":"https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/files/296074395/Dual-Port_Grid-Forming_Control_of_Double-Stage_Interlinking_Converters_in_Islanded_Hybrid_AC_DC_Microgrids.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400423","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Baharizadeh, M, Golsorkhi, M S, Arzani, A & Ebel, T 2025, 'Dual-Port Grid-Forming Control of Double-Stage Interlinking Converters in Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids', IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 147784-147797. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3601398","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5366e24fd55f4358ae94cd052d3ef458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5366e24fd55f4358ae94cd052d3ef458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 147784-147797 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3601398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3601398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8649320780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CETP-FP-2023-00567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504052325","https://openalex.org/W1983743613","https://openalex.org/W2014366918","https://openalex.org/W2016777822","https://openalex.org/W2024559217","https://openalex.org/W2100945405","https://openalex.org/W2151903076","https://openalex.org/W2330294603","https://openalex.org/W2474580161","https://openalex.org/W2713010377","https://openalex.org/W2735324707","https://openalex.org/W2776114286","https://openalex.org/W2780733073","https://openalex.org/W2954646619","https://openalex.org/W3016195274","https://openalex.org/W3108161764","https://openalex.org/W3135311713","https://openalex.org/W3135420766","https://openalex.org/W3154122279","https://openalex.org/W3195580436","https://openalex.org/W3216192374","https://openalex.org/W4316013421","https://openalex.org/W4321780128","https://openalex.org/W4385413425","https://openalex.org/W4387917800","https://openalex.org/W4403674440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2480068220","https://openalex.org/W2070883797","https://openalex.org/W4386859288","https://openalex.org/W2102542442","https://openalex.org/W1986220761","https://openalex.org/W2042495646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"AC/DC":[1,37],"microgrids":[2],"(MGs)":[3],"are":[4,165,171,179,227],"comprised":[5],"of":[6,28,69,91,142,188,202],"AC":[7,45,60,89,105,138,169,222,233],"and":[8,31,46,61,93,106,114,139,176,186,193,199,223,231],"DC":[9,47,62,71,99,107,140,163,224],"MGs":[10],"interconnected":[11],"through":[12,120],"an":[13],"interlinking":[14],"converter":[15],"(ILC).":[16],"This":[17,74],"paper":[18],"presents":[19],"a":[20,49,53],"novel":[21],"control":[22,127],"strategy":[23],"for":[24,58,82],"double-stage":[25],"ILCs":[26],"(consisting":[27],"bidirectional":[29],"DC-DC":[30,115],"DC-AC":[32,113],"converters)":[33],"in":[34,101,124,208],"islanded":[35],"hybrid":[36],"microgrids.":[38],"To":[39],"provide":[40],"global":[41],"power":[42,56,76],"sharing":[43],"among":[44],"DERs,":[48],"PI":[50],"controller":[51],"obtains":[52],"single":[54],"relative":[55,75],"reference":[57],"the":[59,66,70,83,94,104,112,130,153,156,183,197,203,220,232],"DERs":[63,108,164,170],"based":[64],"on":[65],"energy":[67],"content":[68],"link":[72],"capacitor.":[73],"is":[77,152,236],"then":[78],"translated":[79],"into":[80],"references":[81,119],"output":[84,95],"voltage":[85,96,177,225,234],"angular":[86],"frequency":[87],"at":[88,97,136],"side":[90],"ILC":[92],"its":[98],"side,":[100],"accordance":[102],"with":[103,147],"droop":[109],"characteristics.":[110],"Then":[111],"converters":[116],"realize":[117],"these":[118],"voltage-controlled":[121],"method":[122,132,205],"(VCM)":[123],"their":[125],"inner":[126],"loops.":[128],"Accordingly,":[129],"proposed":[131,204],"features":[133],"grid-forming":[134],"capability":[135],"both":[137],"terminals":[141],"ILC,":[143],"which":[144],"provides":[145],"it":[146],"some":[148],"unique":[149],"advantages.":[150],"First":[151],"improved":[154,180],"resiliency;":[155],"system":[157],"remains":[158],"stable":[159],"even":[160],"if":[161],"all":[162,168],"disconnected":[166],"or":[167],"disconnected.":[172],"Secondly,":[173],"stability":[174,191,198],"margin":[175],"transients":[178],"thanks":[181],"to":[182],"PLL-less":[184],"design":[185],"adaptation":[187],"VCM.":[189],"Small-signal":[190],"analysis":[192],"real-time":[194],"simulations":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"dynamic":[200],"performance":[201],"not":[206],"only":[207],"normal":[209],"operation":[210],"but":[211],"also":[212],"under":[213],"DER":[214],"disconnection.":[215],"The":[216],"results":[217],"show":[218],"that":[219],"steady-state":[221],"deviations":[226],"less":[228,237],"than":[229,238],"5%":[230],"undershoot":[235],"1V.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}