{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413349856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984","title":"Adversarial Challenges in Network Intrusion Detection Systems: Research Insights and Future Prospects","display_name":"Adversarial Challenges in Network Intrusion Detection Systems: Research Insights and Future Prospects","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413349856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119359522","display_name":"Sabrine Ennaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5119-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabrine Ennaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5119-3467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062718348","display_name":"Fabio De Gaspari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-1044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio de Gaspari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-1044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080694735","display_name":"Dorjan Hitaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorjan Hitaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5686-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119359523","display_name":"Alicia Kbidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Kbidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046905749","display_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Vincenzo Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","Sapienza University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":35.4448,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99895144,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"148613","last_page":"148645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7732969522476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7055829763412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6461122632026672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-prevention-system","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","score":0.4726105034351349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34795892238616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3478330373764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24340704083442688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7732969522476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7055829763412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6461122632026672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27061796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","level":3,"score":0.4726105034351349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34795892238616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3478330373764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24340704083442688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34e3a502a483417b9f78882e8416e5d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34e3a502a483417b9f78882e8416e5d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 148613-148645 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":144,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488038755","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2065283652","https://openalex.org/W2112736324","https://openalex.org/W2125908420","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2148408186","https://openalex.org/W2155926039","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2253962881","https://openalex.org/W2342408547","https://openalex.org/W2494110282","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2564186131","https://openalex.org/W2735512542","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2794429786","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2853755454","https://openalex.org/W2885239699","https://openalex.org/W2886533716","https://openalex.org/W2889836475","https://openalex.org/W2891828758","https://openalex.org/W2896412072","https://openalex.org/W2907915990","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2947334153","https://openalex.org/W2958489519","https://openalex.org/W2959169310","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963197901","https://openalex.org/W2963501948","https://openalex.org/W2963532563","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2963769237","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964649079","https://openalex.org/W2970602317","https://openalex.org/W2981025625","https://openalex.org/W2988961468","https://openalex.org/W2990368922","https://openalex.org/W2991408690","https://openalex.org/W2997442262","https://openalex.org/W2998254302","https://openalex.org/W3005299508","https://openalex.org/W3006008420","https://openalex.org/W3007481080","https://openalex.org/W3014732532","https://openalex.org/W3015392399","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3017217726","https://openalex.org/W3021340315","https://openalex.org/W3025093231","https://openalex.org/W3025485993","https://openalex.org/W3033403042","https://openalex.org/W3034530016","https://openalex.org/W3034531060","https://openalex.org/W3042565595","https://openalex.org/W3043963370","https://openalex.org/W3090497532","https://openalex.org/W3091890513","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3096929904","https://openalex.org/W3097911904","https://openalex.org/W3099284022","https://openalex.org/W3111088413","https://openalex.org/W3111893669","https://openalex.org/W3112733201","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3117219787","https://openalex.org/W3127943761","https://openalex.org/W3128652290","https://openalex.org/W3128760904","https://openalex.org/W3134622107","https://openalex.org/W3135727394","https://openalex.org/W3149815788","https://openalex.org/W3151784567","https://openalex.org/W3163963286","https://openalex.org/W3164999323","https://openalex.org/W3166061103","https://openalex.org/W3168146198","https://openalex.org/W3186172578","https://openalex.org/W3196749213","https://openalex.org/W3198511875","https://openalex.org/W3199673641","https://openalex.org/W3205985117","https://openalex.org/W3211999566","https://openalex.org/W3216768217","https://openalex.org/W4206331418","https://openalex.org/W4206463926","https://openalex.org/W4210598630","https://openalex.org/W4214529720","https://openalex.org/W4214819121","https://openalex.org/W4220719329","https://openalex.org/W4220916459","https://openalex.org/W4225133925","https://openalex.org/W4226030621","https://openalex.org/W4226085896","https://openalex.org/W4226135488","https://openalex.org/W4280598028","https://openalex.org/W4282047883","https://openalex.org/W4283019189","https://openalex.org/W4285729166","https://openalex.org/W4286005659","https://openalex.org/W4287849804","https://openalex.org/W4288758078","https://openalex.org/W4291464778","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4296340047","https://openalex.org/W4296881042","https://openalex.org/W4300167448","https://openalex.org/W4311711335","https://openalex.org/W4313591247","https://openalex.org/W4317795078","https://openalex.org/W4318603275","https://openalex.org/W4318815561","https://openalex.org/W4319754153","https://openalex.org/W4321497442","https://openalex.org/W4323545679","https://openalex.org/W4323830151","https://openalex.org/W4379620324","https://openalex.org/W4380575890","https://openalex.org/W4381786205","https://openalex.org/W4386748039","https://openalex.org/W4386760178","https://openalex.org/W4386917288","https://openalex.org/W4387011270","https://openalex.org/W4387735260","https://openalex.org/W4388821948","https://openalex.org/W4393115034","https://openalex.org/W4393944503","https://openalex.org/W4394717236","https://openalex.org/W4399146352","https://openalex.org/W4401622717","https://openalex.org/W4402217569","https://openalex.org/W4404056938","https://openalex.org/W4405440279","https://openalex.org/W4406183026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392603527","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W2348767155","https://openalex.org/W2388497169","https://openalex.org/W3120393658","https://openalex.org/W4283700121","https://openalex.org/W1496376327","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1513478798","https://openalex.org/W4300599821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,27,66,240],"has":[2],"brought":[3],"significant":[4],"advances":[5],"in":[6,9,44,89,158,190,219,242],"cybersecurity,":[7],"particularly":[8],"the":[10,23,52,80,191,197,212,236],"development":[11,198],"of":[12,25,54,57,124,199,214,238],"Intrusion":[13,128],"Detection":[14,129],"Systems":[15,130],"(IDS).":[16],"These":[17],"improvements":[18],"are":[19],"mainly":[20],"attributed":[21],"to":[22,29,38,47,70,115,136,147,182,234],"ability":[24],"machine":[26,65,125,239],"algorithms":[28],"identify":[30],"complex":[31],"relationships":[32],"between":[33],"features":[34],"and":[35,95,132,150,164,193,202,217,225],"effectively":[36],"generalize":[37],"unseen":[39],"data.":[40],"Deep":[41],"neural":[42],"networks,":[43],"particular,":[45],"contributed":[46],"this":[48,117,207],"progress":[49],"by":[50,119],"enabling":[51],"analysis":[53],"large":[55],"amounts":[56],"training":[58],"data,":[59,91],"significantly":[60],"enhancing":[61],"detection":[62],"performance.":[63],"However,":[64],"models":[67,241],"remain":[68],"vulnerable":[69],"adversarial":[71,87,137,180,215],"attacks,":[72,138],"where":[73],"carefully":[74],"crafted":[75],"input":[76],"data":[77,105],"can":[78],"mislead":[79],"model":[81],"into":[82],"making":[83],"incorrect":[84],"predictions.":[85],"While":[86],"threats":[88],"unstructured":[90],"such":[92],"as":[93],"images":[94],"text,":[96],"have":[97],"been":[98],"extensively":[99],"studied,":[100],"their":[101,134,148],"impact":[102],"on":[103,143],"structured":[104],"like":[106],"network":[107],"traffic":[108],"is":[109],"less":[110],"explored.":[111],"This":[112],"survey":[113],"aims":[114],"address":[116],"gap":[118],"providing":[120,228],"a":[121,140],"comprehensive":[122],"review":[123],"learning-based":[126],"Network":[127],"(NIDS)":[131],"analyzing":[133],"susceptibility":[135],"with":[139],"specific":[141],"focus":[142],"evasion":[144],"attacks":[145,216],"due":[146],"prevalence":[149],"real-world":[151],"relevance.":[152],"We":[153,173],"critically":[154],"examine":[155],"existing":[156],"research":[157,233],"NIDS,":[159],"highlighting":[160],"key":[161],"trends,":[162],"strengths,":[163],"limitations,":[165],"while":[166],"identifying":[167],"areas":[168],"that":[169],"require":[170],"further":[171],"exploration.":[172],"also":[174,222],"provide":[175],"practical":[176,226],"recommendations":[177],"for":[178,196,231],"adapting":[179],"strategies":[181],"network-specific":[183],"constraints.":[184],"Additionally,":[185],"we":[186],"discuss":[187],"emerging":[188],"challenges":[189],"field":[192],"offer":[194],"insights":[195],"more":[200],"robust":[201],"resilient":[203],"NIDS.":[204],"In":[205],"summary,":[206],"paper":[208],"not":[209],"only":[210],"enhances":[211],"understanding":[213],"defenses":[218],"NIDS":[220],"but":[221],"connects":[223],"theoretical":[224],"perspectives,":[227],"actionable":[229],"guidance":[230],"future":[232],"improve":[235],"robustness":[237],"cybersecurity":[243],"applications.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}