{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413344178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488","title":"Performance Analysis of Active Elements at Main Lobe Region on Intelligent Reflecting Surface: Deploy It at BS-Side or User-Side?","display_name":"Performance Analysis of Active Elements at Main Lobe Region on Intelligent Reflecting Surface: Deploy It at BS-Side or User-Side?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413344178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000917818","display_name":"Fan\u2010Hsun Tseng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-8377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan-Hsun Tseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-8377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pei-de Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3020-1225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-de Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3020-1225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101998907","display_name":"Chi\u2010Yuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-4274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85148518","display_name":"Fo Guang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046wjy580","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85148518"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Yuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Informatics, Fo Guang University, Yilan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-4274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Informatics, Fo Guang University, Yilan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85148518"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054815691","display_name":"Hsin\u2010Hung Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-6928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsin-Hung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-6928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26271178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"148983","last_page":"148991"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.5934000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.5934000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.5924000144004822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-lobe","display_name":"Side lobe","score":0.8134704828262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5812654495239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-side","display_name":"Client-side","score":0.41162562370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27120307087898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18715128302574158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181856588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2040092","display_name":"Side lobe","level":3,"score":0.8134704828262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5812654495239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202477664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352449","display_name":"Client-side","level":2,"score":0.41162562370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27120307087898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18715128302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07bc06cb539c48ed8a458991c219545e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07bc06cb539c48ed8a458991c219545e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 148983-148991 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1521609055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC112-2221-E-197-017-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G21533555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC111-2222-E-006-012-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2195259395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC112-2221-E-197-016-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2316248113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC114-2221-E-006-096-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4925411425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC114-2221-E-197-021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8384459507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC113-2221-E-006-221-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144919065","https://openalex.org/W2623390781","https://openalex.org/W2884196267","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3034980365","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3133505491","https://openalex.org/W3135634794","https://openalex.org/W3163574510","https://openalex.org/W3164853202","https://openalex.org/W3208562042","https://openalex.org/W4225737845","https://openalex.org/W4226061238","https://openalex.org/W4293770687","https://openalex.org/W4312393502","https://openalex.org/W4366377774","https://openalex.org/W4381198807","https://openalex.org/W4382998721","https://openalex.org/W4386275738","https://openalex.org/W4387196957","https://openalex.org/W4391382301","https://openalex.org/W4391407187","https://openalex.org/W4392207953","https://openalex.org/W4392450303","https://openalex.org/W4401509054","https://openalex.org/W4402300107","https://openalex.org/W4402835510","https://openalex.org/W4406265314","https://openalex.org/W4409049678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2739371066","https://openalex.org/W4293235487","https://openalex.org/W2293008278","https://openalex.org/W215712901","https://openalex.org/W2555272566","https://openalex.org/W4381792737","https://openalex.org/W2390279801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,111,119],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,21,34,39,44,58,73,79,88,107,114,122,127,161,174,178,192,197,200,204,208,211],"placement":[4,22,170],"of":[5,24,51,60,72,110,116,129,150,177,199],"active":[6,26,85,131,185],"reflecting":[7,12,186],"elements":[8,27,86,132,187],"on":[9,158],"an":[10],"intelligent":[11],"surface":[13],"(IRS)":[14],"is":[15,28,54,106,121],"studied.":[16],"With":[17],"a":[18,148],"hybrid":[19,179,205],"IRS,":[20,201],"problem":[23],"finite":[25],"vital":[29],"to":[30,95,152,172],"performance.":[31],"To":[32,113],"meet":[33],"realistic":[35],"environment,":[36],"we":[37,167],"incorporate":[38],"mutual":[40],"coupling":[41],"effect":[42],"into":[43,69],"reflection":[45,49],"coefficient":[46,50],"calculation.":[47],"The":[48],"each":[52],"element":[53],"determined":[55],"by":[56,78],"considering":[57],"influence":[59],"neighbor":[61],"elements.":[62],"However,":[63],"there":[64],"has":[65],"been":[66],"little":[67],"investigation":[68],"which":[70,154],"region":[71,91,157,195],"IRS":[74,159,169,206],"should":[75,188],"be":[76,189],"illuminated":[77],"main":[80,89,108,134,155,193],"lobe":[81,90,135,138,156,194],"and":[82,140,202],"whether":[83],"placing":[84,130],"in":[87,191],"or":[92,136],"outside":[93],"leads":[94],"better":[96],"average":[97],"user":[98],"SNR.":[99],"This":[100],"important":[101],"but":[102],"previously":[103],"overlooked":[104],"question":[105],"focus":[109],"study.":[112],"best":[115],"our":[117],"knowledge,":[118],"paper":[120],"first":[123],"work":[124],"that":[125,184],"analyzes":[126],"performance":[128],"at":[133,196,207],"side":[137],"regions":[139],"verifies":[141],"it":[142],"through":[143],"comprehensive":[144],"simulations.":[145],"We":[146],"conduct":[147],"series":[149],"simulations":[151],"validate":[153],"yields":[160],"highest":[162,212],"signal-to-noise":[163],"ratio":[164],"(SNR).":[165],"Additionally,":[166],"explore":[168],"strategies":[171],"determine":[173],"optimal":[175],"deployment":[176],"IRS.":[180],"Simulation":[181],"results":[182],"showed":[183],"placed":[190],"center":[198],"deploying":[203],"user-side":[209],"achieves":[210],"SNR":[213],"value.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}