{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146","title":"AI-Generated Messaging for Life Events Using Structured Prompts: A Comparative Study of GPT With Human Experts and Machine Learning","display_name":"AI-Generated Messaging for Life Events Using Structured Prompts: A Comparative Study of GPT With Human Experts and Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003283890","display_name":"Christopher J. Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-7488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071517179","display_name":"Erik Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026324363","display_name":"Ross Gore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-6146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Gore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Secure and Intelligent Critical Systems, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","Center for Secure and Intelligent Critical Systems, Old Dominion University, 1030 University Blvd, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Secure and Intelligent Critical Systems, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Secure and Intelligent Critical Systems, Old Dominion University, 1030 University Blvd, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052974106","display_name":"Virginia Zamponi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-0947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia Zamponi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016938184","display_name":"Kevin O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-640X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin O\u2019Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002405818","display_name":"Brandon Feldhaus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Feldhaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Enterprise Research and Innovation, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109875806","display_name":"Katherine Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Digital Maritime Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Digital Maritime Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110619349","display_name":"Joseph Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2244-8274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093902794","display_name":"Madison H. Munro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madison H. Munro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering and Cybersecurity Laboratory, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","Gianforte School of Computing, Software Engineering &#x0026; Cybersecurity Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering and Cybersecurity Laboratory, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gianforte School of Computing, Software Engineering &#x0026; Cybersecurity Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116543759","display_name":"Timur Emre Ozkose","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timur E. Ozkose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational and Data Sciences Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational and Data Sciences Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116543760","display_name":"Tugce B. Gundogdu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tugce B. Gundogdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008975618","display_name":"Ann Marie Reinhold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-3486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Marie Reinhold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering and Cybersecurity Laboratory, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","Gianforte School of Computing, Software Engineering &#x0026; Cybersecurity Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering and Cybersecurity Laboratory, Gianforte School of Computing, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gianforte School of Computing, Software Engineering &#x0026; Cybersecurity Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055131878","display_name":"Hamdi Kavak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-2381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamdi Kavak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational and Data Sciences Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational and Data Sciences Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067468249","display_name":"Barry Ezell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-908X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Ezell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003283890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14434669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"147002","last_page":"147033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9071000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9071000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7294121384620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42999470233917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4275383949279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37558165192604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34687504172325134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7294121384620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42999470233917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4275383949279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37558165192604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34687504172325134}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:vmasc_pubs-1143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/vmasc_pubs/142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196314","display_name":"ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","host_organization_name":"Old Dominion University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"VMASC Publications","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:672fb928817944d691fee41ab79075a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/672fb928817944d691fee41ab79075a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 147002-147033 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3196636119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P116S210003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4018037921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"300916-010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334802","funder_display_name":"Adelaide Research and Innovation, University of Adelaide"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4554707946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22RT0286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5092590118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"300916-010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311672","funder_display_name":"Old Dominion University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5787776570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22RT0286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320878","funder_display_name":"Minerva Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G638909723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-19-1-2624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320878","funder_display_name":"Minerva Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8316719144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-19-1-2624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","display_name":"U.S. Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311672","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320878","display_name":"Minerva Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxjts25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334802","display_name":"Adelaide Research and Innovation, University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968095631","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2086744970","https://openalex.org/W2106578604","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2516310076","https://openalex.org/W2783380896","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2992804192","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2998230451","https://openalex.org/W3034021666","https://openalex.org/W3034942609","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3091963033","https://openalex.org/W3125684854","https://openalex.org/W3128513378","https://openalex.org/W3160576082","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3207601856","https://openalex.org/W4213426595","https://openalex.org/W4318261640","https://openalex.org/W4318683761","https://openalex.org/W4319083882","https://openalex.org/W4319332853","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4365457624","https://openalex.org/W4378387269","https://openalex.org/W4379598302","https://openalex.org/W4381104068","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4386026708","https://openalex.org/W4386424132","https://openalex.org/W4386714913","https://openalex.org/W4386867830","https://openalex.org/W4387425757","https://openalex.org/W4388654530","https://openalex.org/W4388939057","https://openalex.org/W4389977189","https://openalex.org/W4391855109","https://openalex.org/W4392741075","https://openalex.org/W4394828356","https://openalex.org/W4398150831","https://openalex.org/W4399099255","https://openalex.org/W4399426804","https://openalex.org/W4403211967","https://openalex.org/W4404021177","https://openalex.org/W4404187961","https://openalex.org/W4404331842","https://openalex.org/W4405412694","https://openalex.org/W4411086951","https://openalex.org/W4411873400","https://openalex.org/W4412035709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,173],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,125,168,219],"generate":[8],"social":[9],"media":[10],"posts,":[11],"emails,":[12],"narratives,":[13],"and":[14,53,102,192,210],"other":[15],"forms":[16],"of":[17,39,63,133,207],"communication,":[18],"yet":[19],"few":[20],"studies":[21],"systematically":[22],"assess":[23],"how":[24],"well":[25],"these":[26],"outputs":[27],"align":[28,69],"with":[29,70,145,148],"their":[30],"original":[31],"prompt":[32,44],"intent.":[33],"This":[34,182],"study":[35],"evaluates":[36],"the":[37,71,127,201],"effectiveness":[38],"a":[40,134,141,155,185],"zero-shot":[41],"structured":[42,213],"narrative":[43],"for":[45,188,196],"generating":[46],"24,000":[47],"life":[48,73,107],"event":[49,74,108,160,203],"messages(birth,":[50],"death,":[51],"hiring,":[52],"firing":[54],"events)":[55],"using":[56],"OpenAI\u2019s":[57],"GPT-4.":[58],"A":[59],"manually":[60],"tagged":[61],"sample":[62,136],"2880":[64],"messages":[65,172],"shows":[66],"that":[67],"87.43%":[68],"intended":[72],"when":[75],"framed":[76],"as":[77],"X":[78],"(formerly":[79],"Twitter)":[80],"posts.":[81],"To":[82],"scale":[83],"this":[84],"evaluation,":[85],"we":[86],"train":[87],"nine":[88],"machine":[89],"learning":[90],"(ML)":[91],"models,":[92],"including":[93],"BERT,":[94],"Keras-based":[95],"architectures,":[96],"eXtreme":[97],"Gradient":[98],"Boosting,":[99],"Random":[100],"Forest,":[101],"Support":[103],"Vector":[104],"Machines,":[105],"per":[106],"type,":[109],"resulting":[110],"in":[111],"36":[112],"binary":[113],"classifiers.":[114],"We":[115],"apply":[116],"an":[117],"ensemble":[118],"approach":[119],"based":[120],"on":[121,212],"simple":[122],"majority":[123],"agreement":[124],"classify":[126],"remaining":[128],"21,120":[129],"messages.":[130],"Manual":[131],"validation":[132],"1%":[135],"(n":[137],"=":[138],"212)":[139],"confirms":[140],"90.57%":[142],"match":[143],"rate":[144],"human":[146],"reviewers,":[147],"binomial":[149],"tests":[150],"confirming":[151],"statistical":[152],"significance":[153],"above":[154],"75%":[156],"threshold":[157],"across":[158],"all":[159],"types":[161],"(<italic":[162],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[163],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</i>-values":[164],"ranging":[165],"from":[166],"0.00025":[167],"0.0115).":[169],"While":[170],"valid":[171],"reliably":[174],"identified,":[175],"classifying":[176],"invalid":[177],"cases":[178],"remains":[179],"more":[180],"challenging.":[181],"work":[183],"offers":[184],"reproducible":[186],"framework":[187],"validating":[189],"AI-generated":[190],"messaging":[191],"provides":[193],"practical":[194],"guidance":[195],"prompt-based":[197],"applications.":[198],"Limitations":[199],"include":[200],"narrow":[202],"scope,":[204],"exclusive":[205],"use":[206],"English":[208],"text,":[209],"reliance":[211],"prompts,":[214],"which":[215],"may":[216],"not":[217],"generalize":[218],"open-ended":[220],"tasks.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
