{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010","title":"Additively Manufactured RF Electronics With Structurally Integrated Physically Unclonable Functions for Wireless System Security","display_name":"Additively Manufactured RF Electronics With Structurally Integrated Physically Unclonable Functions for Wireless System Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119330116","display_name":"Aaron Pendino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Pendino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7548-1306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858087","display_name":"Nghia Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9017-5522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nghia Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076840773","display_name":"Saif E. Nouma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-1684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif E. Nouma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-1684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378619","display_name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-4467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-4467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055359585","display_name":"Attila A. Yavuz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-9307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attila A. Yavuz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-9307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036320427","display_name":"Yasin Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2014-3060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasin Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2014-3060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036827623","display_name":"G\u00f6khan Mumcu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3275-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6khan Mumcu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3275-4865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119330116"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20643047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"145042","last_page":"145059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6182405948638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.5577829480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5424256324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.5369152426719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4186815917491913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3865596652030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34480854868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33717989921569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32712799310684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25559961795806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.22068703174591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1939087212085724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1583111584186554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6182405948638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.5577829480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5424256324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.5369152426719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4186815917491913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3865596652030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34480854868888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33717989921569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32712799310684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25559961795806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.22068703174591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1939087212085724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1583111584186554}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abaf3d64bb6d461a9b57d1643b749232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abaf3d64bb6d461a9b57d1643b749232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 145042-145059 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3600010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3600010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6157142287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF2420078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42037993","https://openalex.org/W1917221498","https://openalex.org/W1970948544","https://openalex.org/W2003914688","https://openalex.org/W2007493041","https://openalex.org/W2009036617","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2186875482","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W2589042619","https://openalex.org/W2686559348","https://openalex.org/W2752832485","https://openalex.org/W2765266512","https://openalex.org/W2914764075","https://openalex.org/W2971247663","https://openalex.org/W2977109867","https://openalex.org/W2982374331","https://openalex.org/W3082249069","https://openalex.org/W3092697589","https://openalex.org/W3100681166","https://openalex.org/W3108288662","https://openalex.org/W3122652066","https://openalex.org/W3202480774","https://openalex.org/W3202515853","https://openalex.org/W4230927117","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4284713929","https://openalex.org/W4285612806","https://openalex.org/W4312310118","https://openalex.org/W4377089577","https://openalex.org/W4396853615","https://openalex.org/W4396884044","https://openalex.org/W4400525480","https://openalex.org/W4406137779","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6765207028","https://openalex.org/W7023653081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386278306","https://openalex.org/W2010558539","https://openalex.org/W2580259249","https://openalex.org/W3096667951","https://openalex.org/W4288068867","https://openalex.org/W102880045","https://openalex.org/W2594513438","https://openalex.org/W3038784943","https://openalex.org/W4408881259","https://openalex.org/W3116259561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physically":[0],"unclonable":[1],"functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"are":[4,90,114,240],"alternatives":[5],"to":[6,54,94,105,126,143,166,230,243],"secret":[7,15],"keys":[8,16],"stored":[9],"in":[10,42,71,140],"non-volatile":[11],"memory.":[12],"PUFs":[13,34],"derive":[14],"on":[17,20,36],"demand":[18],"based":[19,170],"readings":[21],"invoked":[22],"from":[23],"the":[24,37,47,64,85,138,148,155,188,210,237,256,280,283,297,304],"complexity":[25],"of":[26,66,190,213,264,282,303],"their":[27,30,43,78],"structures":[28],"or":[29,245],"physical":[31],"properties.":[32],"Conventional":[33],"rely":[35],"variations":[38],"and":[39,117,196,294],"tolerances":[40,61,89],"involved":[41],"manufacturing":[44,51,88,111,163],"processes.":[45],"On":[46],"other":[48],"hand,":[49],"traditional":[50,106],"processes":[52],"aim":[53],"achieve":[55],"cost-effective":[56,119],"device":[57],"replication":[58],"by":[59,76,137],"minimizing":[60],"often":[62],"through":[63],"use":[65,189],"masks":[67],"for":[68,120,154],"patterning":[69],"which":[70],"turn":[72],"limits":[73],"PUF":[74,149,172,199,233,258,285,298],"security":[75,145,173,234,281],"reducing":[77],"response":[79],"diversity":[80],"across":[81,273],"multiple":[82],"devices.":[83],"Additionally,":[84],"fact":[86],"that":[87,168,200,255,296,309],"openly":[91],"known":[92],"leads":[93],"higher":[95],"quality":[96],"adversarial":[97],"attacks":[98,293,305],"towards":[99],"these":[100],"conventional":[101],"PUFs.":[102,129],"In":[103],"contrast":[104],"volume":[107],"manufacturing,":[108],"emerging":[109],"additive":[110,162],"(AM)":[112],"techniques":[113],"mainly":[115],"mask-free":[116],"therefore":[118],"creating":[121],"unique":[122],"randomizations":[123,132],"within":[124],"devices":[125],"act":[127],"as":[128,183,267],"With":[130],"AM,":[131],"can":[133,175],"be":[134,176],"deliberately":[135],"introduced":[136],"designers":[139],"a":[141,198,214,231,261],"way":[142],"enhance":[144],"and/or":[146],"complicate":[147],"operation":[150],"mechanisms.":[151],"This":[152],"manuscript,":[153],"first":[156],"time,":[157],"utilizes":[158,201],"laser-enhanced":[159],"direct":[160],"print":[161],"(LE-DPAM)":[164],"technology":[165],"demonstrate":[167,197,295],"AM":[169],"novel":[171],"primitives":[174],"structurally":[177,206],"integrated":[178,207],"with":[179,269,301],"RF":[180],"electronics":[181],"such":[182,203],"antennas.":[184],"Specifically,":[185],"we":[186,278],"investigate":[187],"compact":[191],"I/O":[192,238],"expander":[193],"IC":[194,204,222],"packages":[195,205],"4":[202],"directly":[208],"under":[209],"ground":[211],"plane":[212],"5.8":[215],"GHz":[216],"ISM":[217],"band":[218],"patch":[219],"antenna.":[220],"Each":[221],"package":[223],"exhibits":[224],"48":[225],"input/output":[226],"(I/O)":[227],"pins":[228,239],"leading":[229],"192-bit":[232],"primitive":[235],"where":[236],"randomly":[241],"connected":[242],"high":[244,262,270],"low":[246],"digital":[247],"states.":[248],"The":[249],"NIST":[250,275],"statistical":[251,265],"test":[252],"results":[253],"confirm":[254],"generated":[257],"outputs":[259],"exhibit":[260],"degree":[263],"randomness,":[266],"demonstrated":[268],"confidence":[271],"p-values":[272],"all":[274],"tests.":[276],"Furthermore,":[277],"evaluate":[279],"proposed":[284],"against":[286],"widely":[287],"used":[288],"machine":[289],"learning":[290],"(ML)":[291],"modeling":[292],"is":[299],"robust":[300],"none":[302],"achieving":[306],"prediction":[307],"success":[308],"exceeds":[310],"random":[311],"guessing.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
