{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454","title":"Machine Learning for Early Detection of Phishing URLs in Parked Domains: An Approach Applied to a Financial Institution","display_name":"Machine Learning for Early Detection of Phishing URLs in Parked Domains: An Approach Applied to a Financial Institution","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3599454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056873508","display_name":"Jaqueline D. Duarte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaqueline D. Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8100-5347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119330111","display_name":"Pedro Chagas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Chagas Junior","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069416979","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo C. L. da Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8616-4924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Javidi da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8616-4924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101661538","display_name":"Elena J. da Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4998-0031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena J. da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4998-0031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007738809","display_name":"Laerte Peotta de Melo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laerte Peotta de Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-6601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060699019","display_name":"Rafael Rabelo Nunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-4276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Rabelo Nunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-4276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Carlos V. N. Gabriel Soares","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos V. N. Gabriel Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thiago Erivan da Cunha Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6953-096X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150729083","display_name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfp8v59","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiago Erivan da Cunha Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6953-096X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150729083"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":10.7094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98020354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"145736","last_page":"145753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.9166878461837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7005832195281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-institution","display_name":"Financial institution","score":0.6384686231613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institution","display_name":"Institution","score":0.5994313359260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.44078001379966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39517614245414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.355571448802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.2523297071456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.2333965003490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08928617835044861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9166878461837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7005832195281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779601481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650241","display_name":"Financial institution","level":2,"score":0.6384686231613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.5994313359260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.44078001379966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39517614245414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.355571448802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2523297071456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2333965003490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08928617835044861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3599454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3b9f64107d543b896665c75abfb1543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3b9f64107d543b896665c75abfb1543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 145736-145753 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3599454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3599454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472067","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2971270198","https://openalex.org/W3011999700","https://openalex.org/W3018800955","https://openalex.org/W3111551806","https://openalex.org/W3189081616","https://openalex.org/W3201381722","https://openalex.org/W3209545352","https://openalex.org/W4206758971","https://openalex.org/W4213081600","https://openalex.org/W4213145421","https://openalex.org/W4280569680","https://openalex.org/W4285093070","https://openalex.org/W4288066979","https://openalex.org/W4289792603","https://openalex.org/W4297830654","https://openalex.org/W4297973329","https://openalex.org/W4311134468","https://openalex.org/W4312887856","https://openalex.org/W4323065767","https://openalex.org/W4362586487","https://openalex.org/W4376114171","https://openalex.org/W4380591604","https://openalex.org/W4383751645","https://openalex.org/W4385417890","https://openalex.org/W4386198135","https://openalex.org/W4387722547","https://openalex.org/W4389670153","https://openalex.org/W4390578107","https://openalex.org/W4390738590","https://openalex.org/W4391345033","https://openalex.org/W4391842269","https://openalex.org/W4393445790","https://openalex.org/W4394699045","https://openalex.org/W4398152786","https://openalex.org/W4399687987","https://openalex.org/W4400582539","https://openalex.org/W4401815367","https://openalex.org/W4402298365","https://openalex.org/W4402626809","https://openalex.org/W4403616547","https://openalex.org/W4405654320","https://openalex.org/W4406053358","https://openalex.org/W4406679865","https://openalex.org/W4411536645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W4391093354","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W4396966040","https://openalex.org/W2305322260","https://openalex.org/W3139248031","https://openalex.org/W3042334625","https://openalex.org/W4200017362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phishing":[0],"attacks":[1,30],"remain":[2],"a":[3,69,87,134,159],"critical":[4],"threat":[5],"in":[6,23,171],"the":[7,59,109],"digital":[8,189],"era,":[9],"exploiting":[10],"social":[11],"engineering":[12],"tactics":[13],"to":[14,36,42,181],"compromise":[15],"user":[16],"trust":[17],"and":[18,26,45,61,83,105,116,129,165,176],"sensitive":[19],"information,":[20],"often":[21],"resulting":[22],"financial":[24],"loss":[25],"identity":[27],"theft.":[28],"These":[29],"typically":[31],"exploit":[32],"multiple":[33],"communication":[34],"channels":[35],"impersonate":[37],"trusted":[38],"entities,":[39],"inducing":[40],"users":[41],"click":[43],"on":[44,133],"access":[46],"malicious":[47],"Resource":[48],"Locations":[49],"(URLs).":[50],"Early":[51],"detection":[52,75,150],"of":[53,63,76,127,131],"these":[54,64],"URLs":[55,92],"can":[56],"considerably":[57],"reduce":[58],"volume":[60],"impact":[62],"attacks.":[65],"This":[66,178],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"machine":[70],"learning-based":[71],"framework":[72],"for":[73,162],"early":[74],"phishing":[77,106,163],"URLs,":[78],"specifically":[79],"addressing":[80,185],"newly":[81],"registered":[82],"parked":[84],"domains.":[85],"Using":[86],"curated":[88],"dataset":[89],"comprising":[90],"211,659":[91],"obtained":[93],"from":[94],"real-time":[95],"SSL":[96],"(Secure":[97],"Sockets":[98],"Layer)":[99],"certificate":[100],"monitoring,":[101],"popular":[102],"domain":[103],"listings,":[104],"incident":[107],"reports,":[108],"methods":[110],"encompass":[111],"data":[112],"pre-processing,":[113],"feature":[114,142],"engineering,":[115],"model":[117,146],"optimization.":[118],"A":[119],"Light":[120],"Gradient":[121],"Boosting":[122],"Machine":[123],"classifier":[124],"achieved":[125],"recall":[126],"96.02%":[128],"accuracy":[130],"97.28%":[132],"balanced":[135],"dataset,":[136],"validated":[137],"through":[138],"10-fold":[139],"cross-validation.":[140],"Additionally,":[141],"selection":[143],"techniques":[144],"reduced":[145],"complexity":[147],"while":[148],"maintaining":[149],"effectiveness,":[151],"facilitating":[152],"practical":[153],"deployment.":[154],"The":[155],"proposed":[156],"frameworks":[157],"provide":[158],"versatile":[160],"tool":[161],"prevention":[164],"brand":[166],"protection,":[167],"demonstrating":[168],"potential":[169],"applicability":[170],"sectors":[172],"such":[173],"as":[174],"banking":[175],"e-commerce.":[177],"work":[179],"contributes":[180],"proactive":[182],"cybersecurity":[183],"practices":[184],"evolving":[186],"threats":[187],"within":[188],"ecosystems.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
