{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413155109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285","title":"Dense Stack Meta Ensemble Classifier (DSMEC): An Advanced Stacking Ensemble Approach for Early Cardiovascular Disease Prediction With Robust Feature Engineering","display_name":"Dense Stack Meta Ensemble Classifier (DSMEC): An Advanced Stacking Ensemble Approach for Early Cardiovascular Disease Prediction With Robust Feature Engineering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413155109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3598285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059384879","display_name":"Dewan Ahmed Muhtasim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-705X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewan Ahmed Muhtasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-705X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093591847","display_name":"Rishad Amin Pulok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2168-4838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishad Amin Pulok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2168-4838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045945984","display_name":"Md. Fahmidur Rahman Sakib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Fahmidur Rahman Sakib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100786175","display_name":"Md Ruhul Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-6277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruhul Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bushra Azmat Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bushra Azmat Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047512494","display_name":"Muhammad Muzammil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Muzammil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6338-0607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101347422","display_name":"Md. Mahfujul Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148693","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hdrrs71","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Mahfujul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Metropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007907238","display_name":"Siok Yee Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-9938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siok Yee Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3566-9938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90494876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"148735","last_page":"148752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7391481399536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.60858154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5760224461555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.553051769733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4975424110889435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49151191115379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.47623804211616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45613864064216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3493298292160034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7391481399536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.60858154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5760224461555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.553051769733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4975424110889435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49151191115379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47623804211616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45613864064216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3493298292160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3598285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47ca5156a339405f9a2857f8b69a3864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47ca5156a339405f9a2857f8b69a3864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 148735-148752 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3598285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3598285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951810064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GP-K022355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","funder_display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008847490","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3131704889","https://openalex.org/W3132796384","https://openalex.org/W3136637360","https://openalex.org/W3159716340","https://openalex.org/W3160710697","https://openalex.org/W3165099953","https://openalex.org/W3165355909","https://openalex.org/W3167888193","https://openalex.org/W3169302078","https://openalex.org/W3198304075","https://openalex.org/W3205138716","https://openalex.org/W3210831967","https://openalex.org/W4211256381","https://openalex.org/W4224283026","https://openalex.org/W4225434098","https://openalex.org/W4283209788","https://openalex.org/W4283660626","https://openalex.org/W4285108805","https://openalex.org/W4292168379","https://openalex.org/W4298148301","https://openalex.org/W4315781749","https://openalex.org/W4317438932","https://openalex.org/W4319440851","https://openalex.org/W4321369284","https://openalex.org/W4323339906","https://openalex.org/W4360612605","https://openalex.org/W4376504451","https://openalex.org/W4376604928","https://openalex.org/W4386365388","https://openalex.org/W4386432022","https://openalex.org/W4392405463","https://openalex.org/W4392626756","https://openalex.org/W4396680538","https://openalex.org/W4396961167","https://openalex.org/W4399803060","https://openalex.org/W4400188157","https://openalex.org/W4405294347","https://openalex.org/W4409328129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035329725","https://openalex.org/W2070875936","https://openalex.org/W2184170131","https://openalex.org/W2330571978","https://openalex.org/W4376643315","https://openalex.org/W4324137541","https://openalex.org/W2900445707","https://openalex.org/W4285741730","https://openalex.org/W1191482210","https://openalex.org/W4285046548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiovascular":[0],"disease":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,54,215,219],"major":[4],"global":[5],"health":[6],"issue":[7],"requiring":[8],"accurate":[9],"early":[10,243],"risk":[11,76,245],"prediction":[12,44],"to":[13,21,73,119,172,198,233],"enable":[14],"timely":[15],"intervention.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"approaches":[18],"often":[19],"fail":[20],"capture":[22,120,234],"complex":[23,121,235],"feature":[24,33,63,225],"interactions,":[25],"limiting":[26],"diagnostic":[27],"accuracy.":[28,223],"Advanced":[29],"statistical":[30,175],"methods,":[31,210],"domain-specific":[32],"engineering,":[34],"and":[35,69,99,122,138,159,165,208,214,227],"modern":[36],"machine":[37],"learning":[38,230],"(ML)":[39],"methods":[40],"can":[41],"significantly":[42],"enhance":[43],"performance.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47],"proposes":[48],"Dense":[49],"Stack":[50],"Meta-Ensemble":[51],"Classifier":[52],"(DSMEC),":[53],"two-tier":[55],"advanced":[56],"stacking":[57],"ensemble":[58,229],"model":[59],"that":[60],"leverages":[61],"robust":[62],"engineering":[64,226],"on":[65],"70,000":[66],"demographic,":[67],"clinical,":[68],"lifestyle":[70],"Kaggle":[71],"dataset":[72],"improve":[74],"CVD":[75,244],"prediction.":[77,246],"DSMEC":[78,205,232],"integrates":[79],"eight":[80],"optimized":[81],"base":[82],"classifiers,":[83],"Random":[84],"Forest":[85],"(RF),":[86],"Decision":[87],"Tree":[88],"(DT),":[89],"Gradient":[90],"Boosting":[91],"(GB),":[92],"LightGBM,":[93],"XGBoost,":[94],"CatBoost,":[95],"Multilayer":[96],"Perceptron":[97],"(MLP),":[98],"Artificial":[100],"Neural":[101,112],"Network":[102,113],"(ANN),":[103],"fine-tuned":[104],"using":[105,182,196],"RandomizedSearchCV":[106],"with":[107],"StratifiedKFold":[108],"cross-validation.":[109],"A":[110],"Deep":[111],"(DNN)":[114],"meta-model":[115],"aggregates":[116],"their":[117,174],"predictions":[118],"non-linear":[123],"data":[124,145,203,237],"interactions.":[125],"Missing":[126],"value":[127],"imputation,":[128],"Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov":[129],"test":[130,169],"for":[131,135,143,242],"distribution":[132],"analysis,":[133],"SMOTE":[134],"class":[136],"balancing,":[137],"RobustScaler":[139],"normalization":[140],"are":[141,163,180],"used":[142],"rigorous":[144],"preprocessing.":[146],"Domain-specific":[147],"features,":[148],"including":[149],"pulse":[150],"pressure,":[151,154],"mean":[152],"arterial":[153],"body":[155],"mass":[156],"index":[157],"(BMI),":[158],"systolic-to-diastolic":[160],"pressure":[161],"ratio":[162],"generated,":[164],"the":[166,202],"Mann\u2013Whitney":[167],"U":[168],"is":[170],"utilized":[171],"assess":[173],"significance.":[176],"Further":[177],"interaction-based":[178],"features":[179],"generated":[181],"Chi-Squared":[183],"tests":[184],"(<inline-formula":[185],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[186],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[187],"<tex-math":[188],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\chi":[189],"^{2}$":[190],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[191],"followed":[192],"by":[193],"dimensionality":[194],"reduction":[195],"PCA":[197],"retain":[199],"95%":[200],"of":[201],"variance.":[204],"outperformed":[206],"traditional":[207],"state-of-the-art":[209],"achieving":[211],"96.80%":[212],"accuracy":[213],"95.66%":[216],"ROC-AUC":[217],"score,":[218],"24.92%":[220],"improvement":[221],"in":[222],"Strategic":[224],"hierarchical":[228],"enables":[231],"clinical":[236],"interdependencies,":[238],"making":[239],"it":[240],"effective":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
